利用偏振图像加权融合及CLAHE算法的水下成像方法

针对传统基于偏振差分原理的水下光学成像方法中目标退偏振特性差异引起的图像中局部反射光损失的问题,本文提出了基于偏振图像加权融合与限制对比度自适应直方图均衡（Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization, CLAHE）算法的水下成像方法。一方面,将原始水下图像分解为偏振光强图像和非偏振光强图像,根据不同退偏振特性目标在两幅图像中的灰度值分布特点,设计相应的权重因子,对两幅图像进行加权融合。从而实现在压缩原始水下图像中散射光的同时,保留更多目标反射光,提升整体目标反射光在融合图像中所占的比例。另一方面,为了进一步提升融合图像的对比度,利用限制对比度自适应直方图均衡算法对融合图像进行处理。该算法能够在提升融合图像对比度的同时,有效避免图像噪声的放大。实验结果表明,相比于传统的偏振差分方法以及独立的直方图均衡化算法,本文提出的算法能够有效提升水下图像的清晰度和对比度。     

航空铝试块疲劳裂纹相控阵超声成像检测

表面疲劳裂纹扩展可导致结构失效,利用相控阵超声成像技术监测疲劳裂纹,获取结构完整性评价所需裂纹信息,可及时对结构失效提出安全预警。采用三点弯曲疲劳试验法在航空铝试块上生长疲劳裂纹,对裂纹开口面材料进行逐步切削来获得不同长度的疲劳裂纹,利用相控阵超声全矩阵采集(FMC)和全聚焦方法(TFM)获得的裂纹尖端和开口图像信息来监测裂纹扩展和测量裂纹长度,并测试了相控阵超声探头放置位置、裂纹张开/闭合、裂纹表面粗糙度对超声成像检测效果的影响。研究结果表明:相控阵超声探头从裂纹侧面入射检测能更好地对裂纹进行超声成像,并真实反映材料内部裂纹扩展前缘形貌。当疲劳裂纹长度大于3倍超声波长时,裂纹尖端和开口图像完全分离,相控阵超声全矩阵采集和全聚焦成像技术可有效测量裂纹长度,测量误差小于0.2 mm。相比裂纹张开时,疲劳裂纹闭合效应会使裂纹尖端超声图像信号减弱4.5 dB,长度测量值小0.6 mm。      

高速机动目标多普勒解模糊高分辨成像方法

针对目标高速机动导致ISAR成像结果产生距离徙动（MTRC）和多普勒模糊的问题,提出一种新的高速机动目标ISAR成像方法,用于解算距离徙动下的多普勒模糊难题。首先,将原始信号变换至图像域,提取最强散射点,估计该点对应的信号调频率,并基于图像最大对比度准则估计多普勒模糊数。然后,重构回波信号的同时矫正距离徙动,并利用CLEAN技术降低运算量和减小噪声对成像结果的影响,获得高速机动目标无模糊的高分辨ISAR图像。仿真实验结果证明了所提方法的有效性和低信噪比下的强鲁棒性。      

三维全五向编织复合材料细观结构实验分析

对三维(3D)全五向编织复合材料的细观结构进行了实验研究,三维全五向编织复合材料是一种新型的编织复合材料,其细观结构对预测材料的性能有重要作用。采用显微计算机断层成像(micro-CT)技术得到了三维全五向编织复合材料的截面图片,通过在碳纤维试件中混编入少量玻璃纤维作为示踪纱,提高了示踪纤维束在截面图片中的的对比度。并通过三维重建得到纤维束实体模型,结合CAD技术对纤维束的横截面形状与空间走向进行了研究。结果表明:编织纱与轴纱纤维束的截面形状在材料不同区域与不同的花节高度内是变化的;在不同区域,编织纱的空间走向也是不同的;而轴纱在空间上基本保持伸直。由于编织纱对轴纱的挤压使轴纱表面产生螺旋状的压痕。      

钛合金蜂窝结构蒙皮脱焊缺陷锁相红外热成像检测

蒙皮脱焊是钛合金蜂窝结构制造和服役过程中最常见的缺陷类型。受钛合金材料热导率低的影响,钛合金蜂窝结构中蒙皮越厚,红外热成像检测时其表面反映脱焊缺陷信息的温度差异信号就越弱,检测难度就越大。针对这一问题,研究了不同蒙皮厚度钛合金蜂窝结构锁相红外热成像检测时调制频率的选取范围。建立了钛合金蜂窝结构锁相红外热成像检测有限元模型,分析了蒙皮表面温度在调制热流作用下的变化历程,基于相关算法提取了蒙皮表面对应缺陷区和非缺陷区的相位差,分析了相位差与调制频率、蒙皮厚度的关系。利用锁相红外热成像检测系统对预制脱焊缺陷的蜂窝试件进行了实验研究,获得了缺陷区与非缺陷区信号相位差与调制频率的关系。研究结果表明,针对蒙皮厚度为0.6~2.0 mm的钛合金蜂窝结构,采用0.04~0.10 Hz的调制频率能够获得最佳检测结果。研究结果为钛合金蜂窝结构实际检测提供了工艺指导。      

高时间分辨力瞬态热反射显微热成像装置

瞬态热反射显微热成像能够测量电子器件表面温度分布,兼具高时间分辨力和高空间分辨力,在GaN HEMT等大功率器件热测试中应用日益广泛。研发了瞬态热反射显微热成像装置,利用窄脉冲照明,捕捉特定短时间内被测器件表面的图像,实现瞬态热反射热成像,时间分辨力达到1 μs。以微带电阻作为被测器件开展了瞬态测温实验,激励脉宽10 μs,测试得到了不同时刻微带电阻上温度分布,可以观察到升温和降温过程的细节,温度上升和下降时间在（2~3） μs,有效验证了装置的时间分辨力性能。     

基于GCF-SB视觉注意模型的红外目标检测算法

针对复杂背景、低对比度条件下的红外目标检测,提出了一种基于灰度对比度特征 相似性贝叶斯(GCF SB)模型的红外显著性目标检测算法.建立了一种灰度对比度特征(GCF)模型,该模型利用两个通道分别提取红外图像的灰度特征和对比度特征,然后通过特征融合获得初级显著图;建立了一种基于相似性的贝叶斯(SB)模型,该模型根据初级特征图分别计算目标和背景的先验概率和似然函数,然后利用贝叶斯公式获得最终显著图,进而实现红外图像的显著性目标检测.实验结果表明,所提出算法能够有效抑制复杂背景、低对比度红外图像的噪声,增强对比度,具有较高的检测精度和鲁棒性.     

基于光场成像的燃烧颗粒粒径与速度测量方法

为实现固体推进剂中金属燃料动态燃烧的精细化表征,提出一种基于光场成像的固体推进剂中燃烧颗粒粒径与速度三维动态同步测量方法。构建固体推进剂燃烧光场成像测量系统,获得金属颗粒动态燃烧过程的光场图像,通过重聚焦算法得到燃烧颗粒场的重聚焦图像;进一步开展光场相机标定实验,获取深度与最佳重聚焦参数的关系曲线;利用图像分割算法对重聚焦图像中的颗粒进行识别和定位,获取燃烧颗粒的粒径大小,并结合三维粒子跟踪技术对颗粒的轨迹和速度进行重构;开展推进剂药条燃烧实验验证研究。结果表明：光场成像技术能够获得不同深度的颗粒信息,跟踪颗粒的动态燃烧过程,并实现对燃烧金属颗粒粒径与三维速度的同步测量。     

基于区域小波变换的序列显微图像融合

利用图像处理技术实现序列显微图像的融合显示是解决显微成像焦深有限的有效方法.针对空域融合算法在处理离焦步长较大和透明显微图像时存在的块效应和重影现象,基于图像像素间高度的相关性和小波变换多分辨率分析的特点,提出了一种基于区域小波变换的序列显微图像融合算法:在小波变换域内进行序列显微图像融合时,不同频段选择不同的融合算子;在确定融合的小波系数时,不仅考虑到相应位置的小波系数,还考虑了与它相邻的小波系数,使得融合后图像克服了空域算法存在的块效应和重影现象.同时,研究了不同的小波滤波器对图像融合质量的影响.实验证明,该方法具有很好的融合效果.      

一种星载SAR模糊区回波信号仿真方法

模糊度是星载合成孔径雷达(SAR,Synthetic Aperture Radar)星地一体化系统方案设计中的重要技术指标.为了定量化研究模糊度对图像质量的影响,提出了一种星载SAR模糊区回波信号的仿真方法.该方法采用星载SAR模糊区回波信号模型.利用该方法生成包含观测区场景和模糊区场景的星载SAR回波信号,经成像处理后可以获得具有模糊特性的SAR图像.该仿真方法为定量化研究模糊度与图像质量之间的关系提供仿真工具,它能够反映模糊区目标的图形特征,为SAR图像的解译判读提供参考依据.计算机仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性.      

Hard X-Ray Modulation Telescope(HXMT) Mission

The HXMT mission concept consists of a slat-collimated hard X-ray detector assembly sensitive in 20～250 keV with a collection area of about 5000 cm2. Based on the reconstruction technique by direct demodulation developed in recent years, HXMT is mainly devoted to performing a hard X-ray all-sky imaging survey with both high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. It can also be used to make pointed observations of X-ray sources to study their spectroscopic and temporal properties in details. The main detector of HXMT consists of 18 individual cylindrical NaI(T1)/CsI(Na) phoswich modules, each with anarea of 283.5 cm2 and a field of view of 5.7°× 1.1° (FWHM). Its spatial resolution and position accuracy are 5′ and 1′ by using the direct demodulation in 1994, and in 2000 its feasibility and technical demonstration study was selected as a project under the Major State Basic Research Program of China. In October 2005, this project entered the full design phase and was listed as a candidate for the first dedicated astronomy satellite around 2010. We are now also considering secondary low energy instruments for this satellite.     

X-ray observations of high-z radio loud/quiet quasars

It is widely recognized that a knowledge of the X-ray properties of high-z radio loud/quiet quasars (RLQs/RQQs) would have important consequences for probing the conditions of the early Universe, studying the evolution of quasars, and assessing quasar contributions to the CXB. In distant active galactic nuclei (AGN) we can detect only the quasars having high luminosities or collimated beams with current X-ray astronomy satellites. We have also detected more than ten RLQs above z=2 with ASCA. We have observed 8 high z RQQs above z=2, but have not detected the higher z RQQs, above z=2.5. A considerable fraction of the high z RLQs show excess absorption over Galactic column densities, while most high z RQQs do not indicate excess absorption, although the samples are small. The X-ray photon index of RLQs is smaller than that of RQQs. The two RLQs above z=4 are very flat, suggesting that they are blazar-like AGN. A long term observation of RQQ, H1400#10 (z=2.078) did not indicate an Fe Kα emission line, giving a weaker upper limit than a typical line intensity of Seyfert 1 galaxies.     

A proportional counter/image intensifier system for the detection of low energy X-rays

Proportional counters (PC's) and gas scintillation proportional counters (GSPC's) currently used for detection of low energy X-rays provide information on event position and energy. Although at 1.5 keV PC's have good position resolution (～ 200 μm FWHM) they have relatively poor energy resolution (～ 40% FWHM). Conversely GSPC's have reasonable energy resolution (～ 20% FWHM), but poor spatial resolution (～ 1mm FWHM).We describe a scheme in which a parallel plate PC with a transparent anode deposited on a fibre optic substrate has been used. This allows the light emitted by electron avalanches caused by X-ray events in the PC to be detected by an image intensifier with electronic readout. Using this scheme spatial resolution better than that of conventional PC's should be attainable. In addition avalanches induced by single electrons can be resolved through observation of the time structure of the light flash. Using the ability to count the number of primary electrons created by each X-ray event, it is shown that energy resolution can be achieved which is comparable to that of the GSPC.     

Observational signatures of nanoflare heated solar stellar coronae

Using time-dependent dynamical models of the radiating gas in coronal flux tubes, we identify features in UV spectral line profiles that can reveal the direction in which energy flows through the solar transition region, in observations without temporal or spatial resolution. The profile features survive spatial and temporal averaging through non-linear dependencies of the line emission coefficients on thermal properties of the plasma that are correlated with the material velocity. This approach requires only low noise data of high spectral resolution and could naturally be applied to stars as well as the solar corona. We make predictions for the SUMER instrument that can in principle test whether energy propagates upwards or downwards in coronal flux tubes, suggesting a new angle of attack on the long standing problem of determining coronal heating mechanisms.     

Space Telescope observations of aurorae on the giant planets

For the distant giant planets, Uranus and Neptune, the observation of aurorae may be the best astronomical technique for the detection of planetary magnetic fields, with implications for the structure and composition of their interiors. Aurorae may be detected by emssion of H I Ly α (1216 Å) and by H₂ bands near 1600 Å. The latter are important for very faint aurorae because there is essentially no planetary, interplanetary or geocoronal scattering of sunlight to contaminate the signal. For Uranus, present IUE results suggest the presence of a strong aurora at Ly α, but the background and instrument noise levels are very high compared to the apparent signal. At 1600 Å, the IUE instrument noise renders the H₂ emission bands on Uranus marginal at best. No aurora has yet been observed on Neptune. For Jupiter, where the existence and general characteristics of the magnetic field are well established, there is disagreement between ground-based infrared and space-borne ultraviolet observations of the location of the aurorae. For all four giant planets, Space Telescope can improve upon the quality of current optical observations. For spectroscopy, the low resolution mode of the High Resolution Spectrograph (HRS) is particularly well suited to auroral observations because of its spectral range, adequate resolution and high sensitivity. For ultraviolet imaging through appropriate filters, the ST spatial resolution, expected to be of order 5 hundredths of an arc second, is also well suited to determine the spatial properties of the aurorae.     

The photometric study of light scattering from the surface of alumina powder and interpretations by Hapke formula

A laboratory experiment helps to understand the light scattering property of regolith like samples with known compositions and other physical parameters. The laboratory data so obtained can be compared with the existing in situ data on celestial objects like asteroids. Further, it may be analyzed with the help of various theoretical models to understand the light scattering processes from regolith more clearly. In this work we have performed laboratory based photometry of the light scattered from the surfaces of powdered alumina (Al₂O₃) at various tilt angles of the sample and at large phase angles, with the particles having diameter 0.3 μm. The wavelength of observation was 632.8 nm. These data have been fitted by a surface scattering model originally suggested by Hapke. Instead of using empirical Henyey–Greenstein phase function to fix the values of albedo and phase function to be used within Hapke formula, we have used Mie theory for the same. This approach helped us to determine the single particle properties such as particle diameter and complex refractive index from surface scattering phase curve alone. Mie theory depends only on the size parameter X(=2π(radius/wavelength)) and complex refractive index (n, k) of the material. Since the absorption coefficient (k) for alumina is known to be very low but not exactly zero, the best fit to the experimental data was obtained by least square technique with k as a free parameter, as the other parameters are known. Finally, we compare our results with other published results and discuss the scope of application of the method we adopted.     

多谱段全日面极紫外成像仪

在极紫外波段对太阳进行成像观测是研究太阳活动、日冕中等离子体物理特性的重要手段.传统极紫外成像仪或光谱仪无法同时实现高光谱分辨率和大视场的太阳成像.本文设计了一种新型太阳极紫外多谱段成像系统,采用无狭缝光栅分光方式实现了高光谱分辨率和空间分辨率的全日面成像,成像视场可达47',光谱分辨率每像素2×10-3 nm,空间分辨率每像素1.4',全日面时间分辨率优于60s.通过分析谱线的全日面成像图和系统响应,表明成像仪能大范围的观测太阳活动形态演化,为太阳物理研究和空间天气预报提供更完整的观测数据.      

Quality assessment by region in spot images fused by means dual-tree complex wavelet transform

This work is motivated in providing and evaluating a fusion algorithm of remotely sensed images, i.e. the fusion of a high spatial resolution panchromatic image with a multi-spectral image (also known as pansharpening) using the dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DT-CWT), an effective approach for conducting an analytic and oversampled wavelet transform to reduce aliasing, and in turn reduce shift dependence of the wavelet transform. The proposed scheme includes the definition of a model to establish how information will be extracted from the PAN band and how that information will be injected into the MS bands with low spatial resolution. The approach was applied to Spot 5 images where there are bands falling outside PAN’s spectrum. We propose an optional step in the quality evaluation protocol, which is to study the quality of the merger by regions, where each region represents a specific feature of the image. The results show that DT-CWT based approach offers good spatial quality while retaining the spectral information of original images, case SPOT 5. The additional step facilitates the identification of the most affected regions by the fusion process.     

Orbit Design for Twin-spacecraft Space VLBI

Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry (S-VLBI) is an aperture synthesis technique utilizing an array of radio telescopes including ground telescopes and space orbiting telescopes. It can achieve much higher spatial resolution than that from the ground-only VLBI. In this paper, a new concept of twin spacecraft S-VLBI has been proposed, which utilizes the space-space baselines formed by two satellites to obtain larger and uniform uv coverage without atmospheric influence and hence achieve high quality images with higher angular resolution. The orbit selections of the two satellites are investigated. The imaging performance and actual launch conditions are all taken into account in orbit designing of the twin spacecraft S-VLBI. Three schemes of orbit design using traditional elliptical orbits and circular orbits are presented. These design results can be used for different scientific goals. Furthermore, these designing ideas can provide useful references for the future Chinese millimeter-wave S-VLBI mission.