深空探测器自主技术发展现状与趋势

深空探测器距离地球远、所处环境复杂、苛刻,利用地面测控站进行深空探测器的遥测和遥控已经很难满足探测器控制的实时性和安全性要求。深空探测器自主技术即通过在探测器上构建一个智能自主管理软件系统,自主地进行工程任务与科学任务的规划调度、命令执行、星上状态的监测与故障时的系统重构,完成无人参与情况下的探测器长时间自主安全运行,自主技术已经逐渐成为深空探测领域未来发展的一项关键技术。本文首先分析了传统测控模式对深空探测的约束,回顾了深空探测器自主技术发展的现状,分析了实现深空探测器自主运行的关键技术,包括在轨自主管理系统设计技术、自主任务规划技术、自主导航与控制技术、自主故障处理技术和自主科学任务操作技术。然后结合深空探测工程实施和技术发展需求,提出未来深空探测器自主技术发展的趋势和重点。     

深空探测器自主技术发展现状与趋势简

 深空探测器距离地球远、所处环境复杂、苛刻,利用地面测控站进行深空探测器的遥测和遥控已经很难满足探测器控制的实时性和安全性要求。深空探测器自主技术即通过在探测器上构建一个智能自主管理软件系统,自主地进行工程任务与科学任务的规划调度、命令执行、星上状态的监测与故障时的系统重构,完成无人参与情况下的探测器长时间自主安全运行,自主技术已经逐渐成为深空探测领域未来发展的一项关键技术。本文首先分析了传统测控模式对深空探测的约束,回顾了深空探测器自主技术发展的现状,分析了实现深空探测器自主运行的关键技术,包括在轨自主管理系统设计技术、自主任务规划技术、自主导航与控制技术、自主故障处理技术和自主科学任务操作技术。然后结合深空探测工程实施和技术发展需求,提出未来深空探测器自主技术发展的趋势和重点。     

Spacecraft Application of Expert Systems

Artificial Intelligence (AI) will play a major role in future spacecraft operation. Because the technology has not matured, knowledge-based systems will be incorporated in an evolutionary manner, with increasing responsibility as their performance is proven. Internal research at Boeing Aerospace Company has demonstrated that AI software development techniques, knowledge-based systems in particular, can be used to provide limited spacecraft subsystem automation. This capability represents a first step toward an evolutionary path to spacecraft automation. A likely progression will proceed to integrated subsystem control, automated planning and scheduling, plan execution, anomoly handling, and eventually to autonomous spacecraft operation. Although this paper is written in the context of Space Station the ideas and techniques identified should be easily transferable to spacecraft automation in general.     

航天器自主导航状态估计方法研究综述

自主导航是航天器自主运行的核心关键技术。状态估计是实现航天器自主导航的核心手段,是指实时确定航天器在轨位置、速度和姿态等导航参数,是航天器自主导航技术的重点发展方向之一。首先,针对航天器自主导航的实际需求,阐述了研究航天器自主导航状态估计方法的必要性,具体从导航系统可观测性分析、导航滤波算法、导航系统误差补偿3个方面介绍了航天器自主导航状态估计方法的研究现状;然后,分析并总结状态估计方法在航天器自主导航系统中的实际应用;最后,结合理论研究和实际应用,给出了状态估计方法目前存在的主要问题并对其后续发展进行了展望。     

Ultra-reliable real-time control systems-future trends

Today's aircraft use ultra-reliable real-time controls for demanding functions such as Fly-By-Wire (FBW) flight control. Future aircraft, spacecraft and other vehicles will require greater use of these types of controls for functions that currently are allowed to fail, fail to degraded operation, or require human intervention in response to failure. Fully automated and autonomous functions will require ultra-reliable control. But ultra-reliable systems are very expensive to design and require large amounts of on-board equipment. This paper will discuss how the use of low-cost sensors with digital outputs, digitally commanded fault-tolerant actuation devices and interconnecting networks of low-cost data buses offer the promise of more affordable ultra-reliable systems. Specific technologies and concepts to be discussed include low-cost automotive and industrial data buses, “smart” actuation devices with integral fault masking capabilities, management of redundant sensors, and the fault detection and diagnosis of the data network. The advantages of integrating the control and distribution of electrical power with the control system will be illustrated. The design, installation, and upgrade flexibility benefits provided by an all-digital and shared network approach will be presented. The economic benefits of systems that can operate following failure and without immediate repair will be reviewed. The inherent ability of these redundant systems to provide effective built-in test and self-diagnostics capabilities will be described. The challenges associated with developing ultra-reliable software for these systems and the difficulties associated with exhaustive verification testing will be presented as will additional development hurdles that must be overcome     

航天器控制系统智能健康管理技术发展综述

健康管理作为智能自主控制亟待突破的关键技术之一,是提升航天器安全可靠稳定运行能力的有效手段。结合人工智能技术的发展趋势,基于前期已建立的新型航天器智能自主控制系统通用架构,详细综述航天器控制系统的智能健康管理技术现状与发展趋势。首先,根据现有航天器设计、研制和在轨的具体情况,梳理出航天器控制系统健康管理技术所面临的挑战;然后,分别从故障预警、故障诊断和寿命评估3个方面,详细阐述基于人工智能的健康管理技术研究现状及其在航天领域的应用情况;最后,提炼出航天器控制系统健康管理技术的发展方向。     

Confluence of navigation, communication, and control in distributedspacecraft systems

This research details the development of technologies and methodologies that enable distributed spacecraft systems by supporting integrated navigation, communication, and control. Operating at the confluence of these critical functions produces capabilities needed to realize the promise of distributed spacecraft systems, including improved performance and robustness relative to monolithic space systems. Navigation supports science data association and data alignment for distributed aperture sensing, multipoint observation, and co-observation of target regions. Communication enables autonomous distributed science data processing and information exchange among space assets. Both navigation and communication provide essential input to control methods for coordinating distributed autonomous assets at the interspacecraft system level and the intraspacecraft affector subsystem level. A technology solution to implement these capabilities, the Crosslink Transceiver, is also described. The Crosslink Transceiver provides navigation and communication capability that can be integrated into a developing autonomous command and control methodology for distributed spacecraft systems. A small satellite implementation of the Crosslink Transceiver design is detailed and its ability to support broad distributed spacecraft mission classes is described     

Modularity,reconfigurability, and autonomy for the future in spacecraft: A review

The shape of a spacecraft is transitioning from monolithic, manual, and static to modular, autonomous, and dynamic. Modular Reconfigurable Spacecrafts (MRSs) offer better solutions than traditional monolithic spacecrafts in several aspects, and may become the next generation of spacecraft systems with efficient design, fast deployment, flexible application, and convenient management. This paper reviews the development and technology of MRS from three aspects: Modularity, reconfigurability, and autonomy. Despite the progress of research on MRS, there is still a lack of unified standards and little understanding of related concepts. Based on the understanding of basic concepts, the studies conducted on MRS are reviewed to identify technical requirements and solutions. Aiming at the future development trend of MRS, a novel modular self-reconfigurable spacecraft, referred to as MagicSat, is proposed. Furthermore, the MagicSat system composition, advantages, and application prospects are studied. The enabling technologies and major challenges of MRS are further analyzed in terms of modularization, integrated management, and self-reconfiguration technologies. Finally, the future development trend of MRS technology is predicted, and corresponding suggestions are provided.     

Real-time expert systems for advanced power control (a statusupdate) [aerospace power system testbed]

The most recent developments in the Boeing Aerospace Autonomous Power System (APS) testbed are presented. The APS testbed is a 28-VDC system with 3-kW capability, assembled for use in developing improved control, techniques for aerospace electrical power systems. The main emphasis is on the development of a sophisticated programming environment to control concurrent execution of multiple autonomous algorithms coupled with a continuous input/output data flow. The integration of high-level control algorithms used for battery charge control into a real-time execution environment is discussed. This includes methods that allow several functions to respond to real-time input, affect/maintain expert system (shared) memory, and control the electrical power system configuration. Sophisticated schemes for scheduling these expert system control functions are required to allow real-time multitasking     

基于新型终端滑模的航天器执行器故障容错姿态控制

针对受干扰的刚体航天器冗余执行器存在故障与控制受限的姿态跟踪控制问题,提出一类基于新型指数形式的非奇异快速滑模面（ENFTSM）与趋近律的姿态容错控制器设计方法。当部分推力器发生故障时,假设剩余推力器具有输出饱和特性且能提供足够推力保证航天器执行任务,相比一般终端滑模控制器,本文设计的控制器不仅能使系统状态以更快的速度到达平衡点,且不需要在线对执行器故障信息进行检测和分离。基于Lyapunov方法证明本文设计的控制器能保证闭环系统稳定,且能有效地抑制外部干扰、控制受限和执行器故障等约束。最后对提出的控制算法进行了数值仿真,其结果表明了该控制器的有效性。     

Vision-aided inertial navigation for pinpoint planetary landing

Autonomous and safe landing spacecraft on moon and planetary bodies is a rather difficult and risky task. Accurate relative navigation between the spacecraft and the planetary surface is essential, together with the autonomous hazard detection and avoidance. This paper describes the vision-aided inertial navigation (VAIN) scheme to meet the pinpoint landing requirement of the next generation planetary lander. Images of distinctive surface feature called feature points/landmarks are detected and tracked autonomously to improve the performance of inertial navigation. Landmark image information derived from optical navigation camera and the spacecraft state information sensed by IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) are integrated in extended Kalman filter algorithm. The validity of the proposed navigation scheme is confirmed by computer simulation.     

航天器TDRSS中继终端入网验证初探

针对国内外航天系统的现状,介绍了NASA航天器TDRSS系统的应用情况和中继终端入网验证技术。在此基础上,面向航天器测控的发展方向,从综合利用中继终端入网验证设施、分析中继终端入网验证流程和管理体制方面,探讨了未来我国航天器TDRSS中继终端入网验证的设想。     

基于新型终端滑模的航天器执行器故障容错姿态控制简

 针对受干扰的刚体航天器冗余执行器存在故障与控制受限的姿态跟踪控制问题,提出一类基于新型指数形式的非奇异快速滑模面（ENFTSM）与趋近律的姿态容错控制器设计方法。当部分推力器发生故障时,假设剩余推力器具有输出饱和特性且能提供足够推力保证航天器执行任务,相比一般终端滑模控制器,本文设计的控制器不仅能使系统状态以更快的速度到达平衡点,且不需要在线对执行器故障信息进行检测和分离。基于Lyapunov方法证明本文设计的控制器能保证闭环系统稳定,且能有效地抑制外部干扰、控制受限和执行器故障等约束。最后对提出的控制算法进行了数值仿真,其结果表明了该控制器的有效性。     

A Simplified Instrument Failure Detection Scheme

A simplified version of the dedicated observer scheme for detecting incipient instrument failures in automatic systems is presented. This scheme requires only a single observer, driven by a single instrument. Simple logical combinations of estimated instrument outputs from the observer with the actual instrument outputs allow small faults in all the instruments to be detected. Tests on a simulation of a practical system indicate the scheme is robust with respect to a small uncertainty in a dynamic parameter of the controlled plant.     

Autonomous attitude coordinated control for spacecraft formation with input constraint,model uncertainties,and external disturbances

To synchronize the attitude of a spacecraft formation flying system, three novel autonomous control schemes are proposed to deal with the issue in this paper. The first one is an ideal autonomous attitude coordinated controller, which is applied to address the case with certain models and no disturbance. The second one is a robust adaptive attitude coordinated controller, which aims to tackle the case with external disturbances and model uncertainties. The last one is a filtered robust adaptive attitude coordinated controller, which is used to overcome the case with input con- straint, model uncertainties, and external disturbances. The above three controllers do not need any external tracking signal and only require angular velocity and relative orientation between a spacecraft and its neighbors. Besides, the relative information is represented in the body frame of each spacecraft. The controllers are proved to be able to result in asymptotical stability almost everywhere. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed three approaches are effective for attitude coordination in a spacecraft formation flying system.     

Tracking of planetary terrains

The AFAST project (Autonomously Feature And Star Tracking) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology is engaged in the attitude determination and tracking of the CCD camera pointing direction on future spacecraft missions. Ground based attitude determination is time-consuming and costly. This implies that the attitude determination and the tracking of the pointing direction must be autonomous and rely exclusively on the CCD sensor. Also, distant observations call for autonomy, as relay times to Earth make ground control infeasible. This paper presents a strategy to track the pointing direction on planetary terrains. The strategy utilizes multiple closed contours in a planetary image. It accomplishes tracking by recognizing a constellation of the closed contours. The strategy is adaptable to both spacecraft and missile applications     

Tracking and data acquisition for space exploration

The tracking and data acquisition systems provide the key link between the remote spacecraft and the scientific experimenter on the ground. The operation of the space experiment takes place through the links of command, telemetry and tracking. The evolution from the early very simple spacecraft missions toward more complex and sophisticated missions has been paralleled by a similar evolution in the tracking and data acquisition systems. The early Minitrack interferometer tracking system still carries the major tracking workload for space missions; however greater tracking accuracy requirements for more recent missions, such as the Orbiting Geophysical Observatory and the Apollo mission, have brought about the development of unified tracking and data acquisition systems which utilize hybrid pseudo-random code/sidetone ranging techniques. The data acquisition has evolved from analog telemetry systems to the present day heavy use of PCM digital telemetry. Likewise the command systems have evolved from early simple on/off command systems into PCM digital command data systems. The trend is toward greater real time control of more complex functions on board the spacecraft. Newer spacecraft are incorporating computer-type systems in the spacecraft which require programming and memory load through the ground command link. The most attractive concept for the next generation network for tracking and data acquisition is a network consisting of synchronous-orbit Tracking and Data Relay Satellites for covering launches and low-orbit earth satellites plus a few selected ground stations for supporting spacecraft in high earth orbit and lunar orbit.     

基于模型的载人航天器研制方法研究与实践

载人航天器具有系统规模大、技术难度高、单件小批量、无法通过多次飞行持续完善设计、可靠性要求高等特点。当前载人航天器研制中仍存在着参数化和模型化程度不高、基于模型的系统综合仿真验证不足、研制各环节缺乏数字化集成等问题，传统基于文本的系统工程方法已无法满足研制需求，亟需采用基于模型的系统工程方法。本文针对载人航天器的研制现状和应用需求，提出了面向载人航天器全生命周期的模型体系，定义了需求模型、功能模型、产品模型、工程模型、制造模型、实做模型等六类模型，提出了基于模型的研制流程，包含系统设计闭环验证、产品设计闭环验证、实做产品闭环验证3个验证环节，并深入探索了各研制环节中不同模型间的传递与关联关系。以某型号载人航天器为应用基础，系统地验证了提出的方法。     

卫星-惯性-星光最优组合导航系统在航天飞机导航中的应用

 文中对航天飞机星光-惯性导航系统进行了简要分析从最优系统组成原理、余度管理方法、系统性能分析等方面研究了卫星-惯性-星光组合导航系统的概念设计。     

基于惯性/偏振光/光流的六足步行机器人自主导航方法研究

针对惯性/卫星组合导航系统易受干扰或自主性不足等问题，引入偏振光传感器和光流传感器，分别建立航向角和速度量测方程，以辅助惯性导航系统，提出了一种基于惯性/偏振光/光流的自主导航方法。同时，为实现惯性传感器、偏振光传感器和光流传感器等多传感器的融合，设计了无迹Kalman滤波器。为验证该方法的有效性，以六足步行机器人为对象开展仿真和实验验证。结果表明，在没有卫星信号源的情况下，仅依靠机器人自身感知，可实现较高精度的机器人位姿估计，实现了不依赖于卫星导航信号的自主导航，提升了导航系统的自主性。