A numerical model for bird strike on sidewall structure of an aircraft nose

In order to examine the potential of using the coupled smooth particles hydrodynamic(SPH) and finite element(FE) method to predict the dynamic responses of aircraft structures in bird strike events, bird-strike tests on the sidewall structure of an aircraft nose are carried out and numerically simulated. The bird is modeled with SPH and described by the Murnaghan equation of state, while the structure is modeled with finite elements. A coupled SPH–FE method is developed to simulate the bird-strike tests and a numerical model is established using a commercial software PAM-CRASH. The bird model shows no signs of instability and correctly modeled the break-up of the bird into particles. Finally the dynamic response such as strains in the skin is simulated and compared with test results, and the simulated deformation and fracture process of the sidewall structure is compared with images recorded by a high speed camera. Good agreement between the simulation results and test data indicates that the coupled SPH–FE method can provide a very powerful tool in predicting the dynamic responses of aircraft structures in events of bird strike.     

Full-scale crash test and FEM simulation of a crashworthy helicopter seat

Crashworthy seat structure with considerable energy absorption capacity is a key component for aircraft to improve its crashworthiness and occupant survivability in emergencies.According to Federal Aviation Administration(FAA) regulations,seat performance must be certified by dynamic crash test which is quite expensive and time-consuming.For this reason,numerical simulation is a more efficient and economical approach to provide the possibility to assess seat performances and predict occupant responses.A numerical simulation of the crashworthy seat structure was presented and the results were also compared with the full-scale crash test data.In the numerical simulation,a full-scale three-dimensional finite element model of the seat/occupant structure was developed using a nonlinear and explicit dynamic finite element code LS-DYNA3D.Emphasis of the numerical simulation was on predicting the dynamic response of seat/occupant system,including the occupant motion which may lead to injuries,the occupant acceleration-time histories,and the energy absorbing behavior of the energy absorbers.The agreement between the simulation and the physical test suggestes that the developed numerical simulation can be a feasible substitute for the dynamic crash test.      

Gain self-scheduled H_∞ control for morphing aircraft in the wing transition process based on an LPV model

This article investigates gain self-scheduled H 1 robust control system design for a tailless fold- ing-wing morphing aircraft in the wing shape varying process. During the wing morphing phase, the aircraft’s dynamic response will be governed by time-varying aerodynamic forces and moments. Nonlinear dynamic equations of the morphing aircraft are linearized by using Jacobian linearization approach, and a linear parameter varying (LPV) model of the morphing aircraft in wing folding is obtained. A multi-loop controller for the morphing aircraft is formulated to guarantee stability for the wing shape transition process. The proposed controller uses a set of inner-loop gains to provide stability using classical techniques, whereas a gain self-scheduled H 1 outer-loop controller is devised to guarantee a specific level of robust stability and performance for the time-varying dynamics. The closed-loop simulations show that speed and altitude vary slightly during the whole wing folding process, and they converge rapidly after the process ends. This proves that the gain self-scheduled H 1 robust controller can guarantee a satisfactory dynamic performance for the morphing aircraft during the whole wing shape transition process. Finally, the flight control system’s robustness for the wing folding process is verified according to uncertainties of the aerodynamic parameters in the nonlinear model.     

具有电磁约束阻尼层梁的振动主动控制研究计算(英文)

This paper investigates vibration control of beam through electro-magnetic constrained layer damping （EMCLD） which consists of electromagnet layer, permanent magnet layer and viscoelastic damping layer. When the coil of the electromagnet is electrified with proper control strategy, the electromagnet can exert magnetic force opposite to the direction of structural deformation so that the structural vibration is attenuated. A mathematical model is developed based on the equivalent current method to calculate the electromagnetic control force produced by EMCLD. The governing equations of the system are obtained using Hamilton＇s Principle and then reduced with the assumed-mode method. A simulation on vibration control of a cantilever beam is conducted under the velocity proportional feedback to demonstrate the energy dissipation capability of EMCLD, and the beam system with the same parameter is experimented. The results of experiment and simulation are compared and the results show that the EMCLD is an effective means for suppressing modal vibration. The results also indicate that the beam system has better control performance for larger control current. The EMCLD method presented in this paper provides an applicable and efficient tool for the vibration control of structures.     

Independent modal variable structure fuzzy active vibration control of thin plates laminated with photostrictive actuators

Photostrictive actuators can produce photodeformation strains under illumination of ultraviolet lights. They can realize non-contact micro-actuation and vibration control for elastic plate structures. Considering the switching actuation and nonlinear dynamic characteristics of photostrictive actuators, a variable structure fuzzy active control scheme is presented to control the light intensity applied to the actuators. Firstly, independent modal vibration control equations of photoelectric laminated plates are established based on modal analysis techniques. Then, the optimal light switching function is derived to increase the range of sliding modal area, and the light intensity self-adjusting fuzzy active controller is designed. Meanwhile, a continuous function is applied to replace a sign function to reduce the variable structure control (VSC) chattering. Finally, numerical simulation is carried out, and simulation results indicate that the proposed control strategy provides better performance and control effect to plate actuation and control than velocity feedback control, and suppresses vibration effectively.     

Impact vibration reduction for flexible manipulators via controllable local degrees of freedom

When performing operation tasks, the interaction between a flexible manipulator and a grasped object usually results in an impact. In this paper, a new way is suggested to alleviate impact vibration of a flexible manipulator via its structural characteristic when capturing a moving object. Controllable local degrees of freedom are introduced to the topological structure of the flexible manipulator, and used as an effective tool to combat impact vibration through dynamic coupling. A corresponding method is put forward to reduce impact vibration responses of the flexible manip- ulator via the controllable local degrees of freedom. By planning motion of the controllable local degrees of freedom, appropriate control force can be constructed to increase the modal damping and stiffness and eliminate the exciting force simultaneously, thereby reducing impact vibration responses of the flexible manipulator. Simulations are conducted and results are shown to prove the presented method.     

Analysis of blade vibration response induced by rotating stall in axial compressor

An experimental and numerical study was conducted to investigate the forced response of blade vibration induced by rotating stall in a low speed axial compressor. Measurements have been made of the transient stalling process in a low speed axial compressor stage. The CFD study was performed using solution of 3-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, coupled with structure finite element models for the blades to identify modal shapes and structural deformations simultaneously. Interactions between fluid and structure were managed in a coupled manner, based on the interface information exchange until convergence in each time step. Based on the rotating stall measurement data obtained from a low speed axial compressor, the blade aeroelastic response induced by the rotating stall flow field was analyzed to study the vibration characteristics and the correlation between the phenomena. With this approach,good agreement between the numerical results and the experimental data was observed. The flow phenomena were well captured, and the results indicate that the rotating field stall plays a significant role in the blade vibration and stress affected by the flow excitation.      

Onboard real time modeling of aircraft engines with Hammerstein-Wiener representation

An identification-based approach for aircraft engine modeling using the nonlinear HammersteinWiener representation was proposed.Hammerstein-Wiener modeling for both limited flight envelope and extended flight envelope was investigated.Simulation shows that the resulting model can be valid over 10%variation of rotational speed of the engine,compared with those linear models that are only valid over 3%—5%change of rotational speed.It is further demonstrated that the proposed method can be utilized over large envelope up to 20% variation of rotational speed of the engine.The fundamental idea is to use nonlinear models to extend the feasible/valid region rather than those linear models.This may consequently simplify the switching logic in the onboard digital control units.This is often overlooked in aircraft engine control community,but has been emphasized in the research.     

立铣加工颤振稳定性时域求解与分析研究(英文)

In this paper, the instantaneous undeformed chip thickness is modeled to include the dynamic modulation caused by the tool vibration while the dynamic regenerative effects are taken into account. The numerical method is used to solve the differential equations goveming the dynamics of the milling system. Several chatter detection criteria are applied synthetically to the simulated signals and the stability diagram is obtained in time-domain. The simulation results in time-domain show a good agreement with the analytical prediction, which is validated by the cutting experiments. By simulating the chatter stability lobes in the time-domain and analyzing the influences of different spindle speeds on the vibration amplitudes of the tool under a Fixed chip-load condition, conclusions could be drawn as follows： In rough milling, higher machining efficiency can be achieved by selecting a spindle speed corresponding to the axial depth of cut in accordance with the simulated chatter stability lobes, and in Fmish milling, lower surface roughness can be achieved by selecting a spindle speed well beyond the resonant frequency of machining system.     

An active damping vibration control system for wind tunnel models

In wind tunnels, long cantilever sting support systems with low structural damping encounter flow separation and turbulence during wind tunnel tests, which results in destructive low-frequency and big-amplitude resonance, leading to data quality degradation and test envelope limitation. To ensure planed test envelope and obtain high-quality data, an active damping vibration control system independent of balance signal based on stackable piezoelectric actuators and velocity feedback using accelerometer, is proposed to improve the support stability and wind tunnel testing safety in transonic wind tunnel. Meanwhile, a design of powerful sting-root embedded active damping device is given and an active vibration control method is presented based on the mechanism analysis of aircraft model vibration. Furthermore, a self-adaptive fuzzy Proportion Differentiation(PD) control model is proposed to realize control parameters adjustment automatically for various testing conditions. Besides, verification tests are performed in laboratory and a continuous transonic wind tunnel. Experimental results indicate that the aircraft model does not vibrate obviously from -4° to 11° at Ma = 0.6, the number of useable angle-of-attack has increased by 7° at Ma = 0.6 and 5° at Ma = 0.7 respectively, satisfying the requirements of practical wind tunnel tests.     

Evaluation of simulation-based training for aircraft carrier marshalling with learning cubic and Kirkpatrick’s models

Simulation-based training is a promising way to train a carrier flight deck crew because of the complex and dangerous working environment. Quantitative evaluation of simulation-based training quality is vital to make simulation-based training practical for aircraft carrier marshalling.This paper develops a personal computer-based aircraft carrier marshalling simulation system and a cave automatic virtual environment(CAVE)-based immersive environment. In order to compare the training effectiveness of simulation-based training and paper-based training, a learning cubic model is proposed and a contrast experiment is carried out as well. The experimental data is analyzed based on a simplified Kirkpatrick’s model. The results show that simulation-based training is better than paper-based training by 26.80% after three rounds of testing, which prove the effectiveness of simulation-based aircraft carrier marshalling training.     

海上雾霾天气下基于能见度的舰载机目视着舰风险评估方法研究

针对雾霾天气对舰载机目视着舰安全性的影响难以量化的问题,利用激光雷达在近海的能见度观测数据,反演海上雾霾天气下飞行员目视着舰的斜程能见度的状况,提出 1种基于能见度指标的目视着舰风险评估方法,将舰载机着舰过程中飞行员频繁的目测压力,转变为舰上数据测量、风险评估和应对措施等程序化工作,将定性的安全分析转变为定量的风险评估和安全指导,谋求在现有着舰控制模式下有效降低飞行员着舰压力,提升指挥引导效率,为低能见度下舰载机目视着舰训练提供理论依据和实践指导。     

On Exploring Method and Software for Evaluating Effectiveness of Military Training Aircraft

The evaluation of training effectiveness (TE) of military training aircraft, though obviously very important, appears to have attracted much less attention than what it deserves in the open literature. This article aims to start from previous studies and explore further. First, TE of military training aircraft is discussed and our ideas for evaluating TE which are expressed mathematically are proposed. Then, using the presented mathematical models, software is developed that takes into consideration the influence of parameters of flight performance and quality on TE. The software's environment is Borland C++ and it sets up the parameters of trainer, training standard databases and training documents; it can analyze and then give the operational cost and cost-effectiveness ratio of military trainer. Finally, the software is utilized to compare the TEs of HAWK and MB339 with that of Chinese Air Force TF-6. The results of comparison show that the TE of TF-6 is the lowest.     

Multi-body dynamic system simulation of carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff

The flight safety is threatened by the special flight conditions and the low speed of carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff. The aircraft carrier motion, aircraft dynamics, landing gears and wind field of sea state are comprehensively considered to dispose this multidiscipline intersection problem. According to the particular naval operating environment of the carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff, the integrated dynamic simulation models of multi-body system are developed, which involves the movement entities of the carrier, the aircraft and the landing gears, and involves takeoff instruction, control system and the deck wind disturbance. Based on Matlab/Simulink environment, the multi-body system simulation is realized. The validity of the model and the rationality of the result are verified by an example simulation of carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff. The simulation model and the software are suitable for the study of the multidiscipline intersection problems which are involved in the performance, flight quality and safety of carrier-based aircraft takeoff, the effects of landing gear loads, parameters of carrier deck, etc.     

考虑扰流的舰载机终端进场线性模型

回收舰载机需要精确的终端路径和姿态控制,舰载机线性小扰动模型是这一阶段系统分析和控制器设计的必要工具,它需要足够准确地描述在主要操纵输入和进场路径大气紊流作用下舰载机的动态特性。首先使用代数线性化方法建立舰载机终端进场纵向运动的小扰动模型,仿真证明该模型能精确描述无风条件下进场舰载机对控制指令的响应,但通常的建模气流扰动影响的方法不能正确反映舰尾大气紊流对舰载机进场速度的干扰。针对该问题,重点研究了垂向风引起的进场舰载机轨迹方向上的力瞬变,提出了量化舰载机地速扰动的表达式以优化线性模型参数。最后,通过完成舰载机动力学模型在不同风场下的开环仿真以及在舰尾流场中的终端进场闭环仿真,验证了改进的线性模型的有效性,表明它适用于复杂流场下着舰控制系统的性能分析和设计。     

阻拦索断裂对螺旋桨舰载机着舰安全影响数值分析

喷气动力舰载机着舰拦阻滑跑，如阻拦索断裂，其逃逸复飞的概率极小。螺旋桨动力舰载机零升阻力大，推重比小，其安全复飞的能力值得研究。本文基于建立的螺旋桨舰载机逃逸复飞仿真模型（含阻拦索工作模型、发动机动力响应模型、升降舵操纵模型与气动力的动力影响修正模型），数值模拟了E-2C舰载预警机着舰阻拦索断裂情况下，其逃逸复飞的过程。仿真计算显示对象飞机在不同气动力、离舰速度与舵面操纵逻辑状态下，其纵向动力学方程中敏感参数与航迹下沉量的动态变化，结合视频数据分析其复飞成功的原因。研究表明：动力对螺旋桨舰载机俯仰力矩与升力特性的影响是其逃逸复飞成功的关键。动力影响使对象飞机的俯仰力矩曲线上移0.15，8°迎角下纵向静稳定性减小85%，升力线斜率增大29.7%、最大升力系数增大39%。这显著改善了螺旋桨飞机逃逸复飞状态下俯仰操纵的敏捷性，升降舵操纵效率与失速特性。动力影响使螺旋桨舰载机可在较小的加速度、离舰速度与有限的留空时间情况下，迅速改变其航迹角，减小航迹下沉量，保证逃逸复飞安全。     

先进舰载战斗机腐蚀防护控制与日历寿命设计

舰载战斗机是航母编队战斗力的重要组成部分,但由于其复杂恶劣的服役环境,舰载机腐蚀防护控制与日历寿命设计问题已经成为限制海军航空兵战斗力保持与提升的关键难题。腐蚀防护与控制应贯穿舰载机全寿命周期,本文以此为总体思路,首先系统梳理了舰载机在综合设计、材料与涂料选择、制造与使用过程中腐蚀防护与控制的诸多要点与细节。然后针对舰载机日历寿命设计问题,在详述环境谱、加速谱编制原则、编制方法及基本构成的基础上,基于案例阐明腐蚀仿真技术是舰载机日历寿命设计的可靠高效手段,可为相关问题的后续研究提供创新思路。最后指出腐蚀监测是舰载机腐蚀防护控制过程中亟待解决的难题。     

多因素耦合的舰机适配性评估方法

舰机适配性是航母与舰载机研制过程中的难点,充分协调舰艇系统和飞机航空系统之间的复杂关系是发挥航母战斗力的关键。文章提出了 1种基于改进的熵值法与突变级数法的多因素耦合的舰机适配性评估方法。首先,进行指标选取,建立多因素耦合的舰机适配性评估指标体系,并根据突变级数理论确定指标体系对应的突变模型;其次,利用改进的熵值法计算各个指标的贡献率,提高排序结果的准确性;再次,利用突变层次结构模型进行舰机适配性评估;最后,以国外某型航母与舰载机为评估对象,验证新的综合评估方法的有效性和可靠性。文章提出的方法不需要对指标赋权,减少评估过程中由于赋权带来的主观性,为舰机适配性评估提供了新的思路。     

Numerical simulation of RCS for carrier electronic warfare airplanes

This paper studies the radar cross section(RCS) of carrier electronic warfare airplanes.Under the typical naval operations section, the mathematical model of the radar wave’s pitch angle incidence range analysis is established. Based on the CATIA software, considering dynamic deflections of duck wing leading edge flaps, flaperons, horizontal tail, and rudder, as well as aircraft with air-to-air missile, anti-radiation missile, electronic jamming pod, and other weapons, the 3D models of carrier electronic warfare airplanes Model A and Model B with weapons were established. Based on the physical optics method and the equivalent electromagnetic flow method, by the use of the RCSAnsys software, the characteristics of carrier electronic warfare airplanes’ RCS under steady and dynamic flights were simulated under the UHF, X, and S radar bands. This paper researches the detection probability of aircraft by radars under the condition of electronic warfare, and completes the mathematical statistical analysis of the simulation results. The results show that: The Model A of carrier electronic warfare airplane is better than Model B on stealth performance and on discover probability by radar detection effectively.     

地面停放飞机局部温度环境研究

确定地面停放飞机局部温度环境的变化规律是编制飞机结构局部环境谱和解决传感器"温漂"问题的关键工作。为此,开展了地面停放飞机局部温度实测工作,对不同舱室的温度变化规律进行了分析;基于模糊聚类的方法,根据局部温度的差异将飞机舱室划分为3类;选取结构系数和日照系数为关键参数,研究了环境温度对局部温度的影响规律;以百叶箱温度为自变量,建立了飞机局部温度模型;并通过统计方法确定了3类舱室温度模型关键参数的取值范围。研究结果表明:同一密闭状态下的不同飞机舱室可以有较大的温度差异;影响舱室温度的主要因素有日照、降雨以及舱室的结构形式和位置;实测温度与模型预测温度的对比证实了模型具有较高的精度。