Evidence for large organic molecules in the diffuse medium using optical high resolution spectroscopy.

The Diffuse Interstellar Bands (DIBs) are absorption lines observed in the line of sight toward reddened OB stars. Their ubiquitous detection in space indicates chemically stable and abundant carriers. High resolution spectroscopy led to the detection of substructures in the line profiles of a few DIBs, indicating a gas phase molecular origin of the carriers. Line profile studies are useful tools to derive information on the band carriers nature. In this paper we compared the velocity structure of the lambda 6613 angstroms DIB line profile to the NaD1 and CaII profiles toward 6 targets of the Perseus OB2 association.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ions and the diffuse interstellar bands.

Neutral naphthalene (C10H8), phenanthrene (C14H10), and pyrene (C16H10) absorb strongly in the ultraviolet and may contribute to the extinction curve. High abundances are required to produce detectable structures. The cations of these PAHs absorb in the visible. C10H8+ has 12 discrete absorption bands which fall between 6800 and 5000 angstroms. The strongest band at 6741 angstroms falls close to the weak 6742 angstroms diffuse interstellar band (DIB). Five other weaker bands also match DIBs. The possibility that C10H8+ is responsible for some of the DIBs can be tested by searching for new DIBs at 6520, 6151, and 5965 angstroms, other moderately strong naphthalene cation band positions. If C10H8+ is indeed responsible for the 6742 angstroms feature, it accounts for 0.3% of the cosmic carbon. The spectrum of C16H10+ is dominated by a strong band at 4435 angstroms in an Ar matrix and 4395 angstroms in a Ne matrix, a position which falls very close to the strongest DIB, that at 4430 angstroms. If C16H10+, or a closely related pyrene-like ion is indeed responsible for the 4430 angstroms feature, it accounts for 0.2% of the cosmic carbon. We also report an intense, very broad UV-to-visible continuum which is associated with both ions and could explain how PAHs convert interstellar UV and visible radiation into IR.     

The HRS GTO program to study the neutral hydrogen column density and D/H ratio in the local interstellar medium

Early in the HST mission the HRS Team will observe the Lyman alpha line at 100,000 spectral resolution toward 7 late-type local stars. The purpose is to derive the hydrogen and deuterium column densities and D/H ratios along lines of sight toward nearby stars. Here we present theoretical line profiles that demonstrate why 10⁵ spectral resolution and high signal-to-noise are needed to derive accurate column densities from spectral lines that lie close to the flat part of the curve of growth and may contain multiple velocity components. The aim of the HRS program is to obtain column densities in the hydrogen and deuterium Lyman alpha lines along a variety of lines of sight within and extending beyond the local cloudlet in which the Sun is located near an edge. The broad chromospheric Lyman alpha emission lines of late-type stars are used as background sources against which to measure the interstellar absorption features. We will also obtain profiles of interstellar absorption features in Mg II and Fe II lines to derive the broadening parameter and/or identify possible multiple velocity components in the lines of sight.     

Cyclotron features in X-ray spectra of accreting pulsars

The hard X-ray spectra of small subset of accreting pulsars show absorption-like line features in the range 10–100 keV. These lines, referred to as cyclotron lines or cyclotron resonance scattering features, are due to photons scattered out of the line of sight by electrons trapped in the 10¹² G pulsar polar cap magnetic field. In this paper we present a review of observations, from the discovery of a cyclotron line in Hercules X-1 to recent results with RXTE and INTEGRAL.     

Ultraviolet interstellar lines towards nearby fast rotators: ZnII distribution and MgII/MgI ratios

We present the column density distribution of the LISM towards a sample of 15 fast rotators observed with IUE at high resolution. The targets are closer than 200 pc and most of them have lines of sight not previously investigated. Hydrogen column densities are inferred using zinc, known to be little depleted. The results are in general agreement with the broad picture of the LISM drawn by Paresce, with the possible exception of some cases which are discussed. For the few stars for which long wavelength images were available we attempt to derive the MgII/MgI ratio to obtain information on the temperature of the gas in the line of sight.     

航天器自主天文导航系统的可观测性及可观测度分析

天文导航系统中的观测量是一个重要的精度影响因素,星光角距和星光仰角是天文导航中两种最常用的观测信息,首先介绍了这两种观测信息及其量测方程的建立,然后从天文导航系统的可观测性和可观测度的角度,以观测矩阵的条件数作为系统可观测度的度量标准,分析了由于所选用的观测量的不同所导致的系统导航性能的差别,同时给出了一种衡量天文导航系统中的观测量和系统性能的分析方法.计算机仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性.     

Measurements of H I and O VI velocity distributions in the extended solar corona with UVCS/SOHO and UVCS/Spartan 201

The Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, UVCS/SOHO, and the Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer on the Spartan 201 satellite, UVCS/Spartan, have been used to measure H I 1215.67 Å line profiles in polar coronal holes of the Sun at projected heliocentric heights between 1.5 and 3.0 R_⊙. UVCS/SOHO also measured line profiles for H I 1025.72 Å, O VI 1032/1037 Å, and Mg X 625 Å. The reported UVCS/SOHO observations were made between 5 April and 21 June 1996 and the UVCS/Spartan observations were made between 11 and 12 April 1993. Both sets of measurements indicate that a significant fraction of the protons along the line of sight in coronal holes have velocities larger than those for a Maxwellian velocity distribution at the expected electron temperature. Most probable speeds for O⁵⁺ velocity distributions along the lines of sight are smaller than those of H⁰ at 1.5 R_⊙, are comparable at about 1.7 R_⊙ and become significantly larger than the H⁰ velocities above 2 R_⊙. There is a tendency for the O⁵⁺ line of sight velocity distribution in concentrations of polar plumes to be more narrow than those in regions away from such concentrations. UVCS/SOHO has identified 31 spectral lines in the extended solar corona.     

Space and velocity distributions of neutron stars in the Milky Way

We study the long term dynamics of isolated neutron stars (NSs) for different initial conditions. From the resulting phase-space distributions, we estimate the fraction of NSs bound to the Milky Way. We also estimate the surface and spatial density of NSs in the solar neighborhood and the mean velocity of NSs in the Galactic disk. Estimates of the sky density of NSs towards specific lines of sight, i.e. the Galactic center and the Magellanic Clouds, are also given.     

非连通非确定运动目标的识别方法

针对非连通目标的识别问题,结合人眼识别的特点,提出了一种基于识别目标的全局特征建模,从图象中提取模型特征参数的模型参数识别法,处理的结果表明,此方法参数的识别误差仅为正负一个像素,而且对序列图象能够准实时自动识别,通过对实际图像进行了实验,证实了本方法的有效性。     

Fullerenes in space.

The discovery and synthesis of fullerenes led to the hypothesis that they may be present and stable in interstellar space. Fullerenes have been reported in an impact crater on the LDEF spacecraft. Investigations of fullerenes in carbonaceous meteorites have yielded only small upper limits. Fullerene compounds and their ions could be interesting carrier molecules for some of the "diffuse interstellar bands" (DIBs), a long standing mystery in astronomy. We have detected two new diffuse bands that are consistent with laboratory measurements of the C60+, as first evidence for the largest molecule ever detected in space. Criteria for this identification are discussed. The inferred abundance (up to 0.9 % of cosmic carbon locked in C60+) suggests that fullerenes may play an important role in interstellar chemistry. We present new observations on DIB substructures consistent with fullerene compounds, and the search for neutral C60 in the diffuse medium.     

环月探测器自主天文导航系统的可观度分析

文章提出了在环月段以月球—探测器—恒星、月球—探测器—太阳这两个位置面和月心距等观测信息进行滤波的导航方法。通过对几种非线性系统可观性分析方法的比较,在基于误差协方差阵的可观性分析方法基础上,提出了以谱半径定义的可观度分析方法,并证明了定义的可观度指标与系统导航精度的关系,说明其能够定量描述系统可观的程度。最后仿真验证了这种可观度分析方法的可行性。     

Distribution and kinematics of MgII in the LISM

We have analyzed MgII emissions in the IUE spectra of 91 cool stars in a systematic search for interstellar components. 60% of the stars show evidence of interstellar contamination. The radial velocities of the IS features show that even at short distances (d < 30 pc) the motion of the LISM agrees with that derived from the analysis of optical IS absorptions in the directions of more distant stars. The absence of detectable interstellar lines has allowed us to derive stringent upper limits along the line of sight of many stars. The results suggest that the density of the gas in the immediate vicinity of the sun may be lower than previously estimated. In particular, the presence of the low density region towards the northern galactic pole around HZ43 is confirmed.     

Probing broad absorption line quasar outflows: X-ray insights

Energetic outflows appear to occur in conjunction with active mass accretion onto supermassive black holes. These outflows are most readily observed in the 10% of quasars with broad absorption lines, where the observer’s line of sight passes through the wind. Until fairly recently, the paucity of X-ray data from these objects was notable, but now sensitive hard-band missions such as Chandra and XMM-Newton are routinely detecting broad absorption line quasars. The X-ray regime offers qualitatively new information for the understanding of these objects, and these new results must be taken into account in theoretical modeling of quasar winds.     

建立在视线方程基础上的空战动力学模型

首先定义并介绍了视线动力学方程,在此基础上讨论视线坐标系上的机动策略问题。介绍视线坐标系上的空战策略的一种决策方法,以及视线坐标系上的空战策略向机体坐标系上的转化问题。最后建立在机体系上的力和力矩方程,用来说明如何操控飞机达到所需要的空战策略。     

附着小行星的视线制导规律

提出了一种航天器附着（软着陆）小行星的制导与控制规律。为了保证垂直软着陆，事先规划了满足约束的理想视线与视线角轨迹，通过设计滑模变结构控制器跟踪理想轨迹，实现了在小行星表面垂直软着陆；证明了制导与控制规律的鲁棒性；最后通过数学仿真验证了提出的制导与控制规律的可行性。     

一种实现大角度打击的制导律设计

针对导弹带落角约束条件的作战要求,基于Lyapunov稳定性原理设计了一种既能准确命中目标又能保证大落角的制导律.该制导律将末端角度约束转化为弹目视线角约束,其表达式包含两部分,分别是基于弹目视线角速度的反馈,及弹目视线角与期望视线角之差的反馈.通过合理地调节二者的比例关系,即可保证该制导律在可用过载范围内以期望的大落角击中目标.此制导律形式简单,便于工程实现.此外,充分考虑了导弹的机动性能和导引头特性,给出了末制导律引入时的最佳初始条件.通过某型导弹的弹道仿真,验证了该制导律的有效性.      

Cometary dust observations by optical in-situ methods

Remote optical observations of comets provide information only along the whole line of sight and require some assumptions to be interpreted. Due to the advent of cometary space missions, a two-step strategy has been defined to derive without any assumption spatial distribution and physical properties of dust by in-situ optical observations. First, an $\text{Optical Probe Experiment}$, suitable for a fast fly-by, should provide passive in-situ measurements in the direction of the approaching (or receding) comet near encounter; by suitably differencing such observations, the brightness and polarization per $\text{unit volume}$ can be recovered along the trajectory of the spacecraft. Secondly, a $\text{Light Scattering Dust Analyzer}$, suitable for a rendez-vous mission, should permit the determination of the scattering properties of $\text{individual particles}$. Both experiments also provide a connecting link between non-optical in-situ measurements (from mass spectrometers or impact detectors) and remote optical observations.     

A highly-ionized absorber as a new explanation for the spectral changes during dips from X-ray binaries

We report the XMM-Newton detection of narrow Fe xxv and Fe xxvi X-ray absorption lines at 7 keV in the persistent emission of the dipping low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) 4U 1323−62. Such features have now been reported in a growing number of LMXBs seen almost edge-on, indicating that the highly-ionized plasma probably originates in an accretion disk atmosphere or wind. During dipping intervals of 4U 1323−62, the strength of the Fe xxv feature increases while that of the Fe xxvi feature decreases, consistent with the presence of less strongly ionized material in the line-of-sight. As observed previously, the changes in the X-ray spectrum during dips are inconsistent with a simple increase in absorption by cool material. However, we show that the changes in both the narrow absorption features and the continuum can be modeled self-consistently by variations in the properties of an ionized absorber. From persistent to deep dipping the photo-ionization parameter decreases while the equivalent hydrogen column density of the ionized absorber increases. No partial covering of any component of the spectrum, and hence no extended corona, are required. Since highly-ionized absorption features are seen from many other dip sources, this mechanism may also explain the overall changes in X-ray spectrum observed during dipping intervals from these systems.     

Theory of magnetic reconnection in three dimensions

Magnetic reconnection in traditional, two-dimensional theory can be closely associated with topological properties of the magnetic field, separatrices, neutral lines, or separators. Such well-defined topological properties may no longer exist, or become hopelessly complicated, in more general three-dimensional configurations, that otherwise behave physically quite similarly to the two-dimensional configurations. We discuss generalized definitions of reconnection applied to such situations and illustrate typical properties with simulations of three-dimensional reconnection in the magnetotail.     

Inhibition of denitrification by ultraviolet radiation.

It has been shown that UV-A (lambda=320-400 nm) and UV-B (lambda=280-320 nm) inhibit photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and nitrification. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects, if any, on denitrification in a microbial community inhabiting the intertidal. The community studied is the microbial mat consisting primarily of Lyngbya that inhabits the Pacific marine intertidal, Baja California, Mexico. Rates of denitrification were determined using the acetylene blockage technique. Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC #17400) was used as a control organism, and treated similarly to the mat samples. Samples were incubated either beneath a PAR transparent, UV opaque screen (OP3), or a mylar screen to block UV-B, or a UV transparent screen (UVT) for 2 to 3 hours. Sets of samples were also treated with nitrapyrin to inhibit nitrification, or DCMU to inhibit photosynthesis and treated similarly. Denitrification rates were greater in the UV protected samples than in the UV exposed samples the mat samples as well as for the Ps fluorescens cultures. Killed controls exhibited no activity. In the DCMU and nitrapyrin treated samples denitrification rates were the same as in the untreated samples. These data indicate that denitrification is directly inhibited by UV radiation.