定位于材料基因组计划的镍基高温合金互扩散系数矩阵的高通量测定

寻找新一代镍基单晶高温合金中Re的替代元素以实现少Re甚至无Re化是当前高温合金领域的研究热点。从扩散系数角度出发寻找具有与Re相当或者更低扩散系数的元素是有效的研究策略之一。在多元合金中,互扩散系数矩阵可全面表征任一合金元素的扩散能力。因此,精确测定不同合金元素在镍基高温合金γ和γ'相中随成分和温度变化的互扩散系数矩阵是当务之急。首先,概述当前镍基高温合金互扩散系数矩阵测定的现状,以及用于多元合金互扩散系数测定的传统Matano-Kirkaldy方法和新型数值回归方法。由于传统Matano-Kirkaldy方法效率低,文献中鲜有镍基高温合金三元及更高组元体系互扩散系数矩阵的报道。本研究小组最近基于Fick第二定律和原子移动性概念发展起来的新型数值回归方法,可用于任意组元合金精准互扩散系数矩阵的高通量测定。随后以Ni-Al-Ta三元合金γ相为例详细阐述新型数值回归法用于合金互扩散系数矩阵高通量测定以及测定结果的可靠性验证过程。之后,简述本研究小组关于镍基高温合金γ和γ'相互扩散系数矩阵测定的最新进展。目前已经完成了核心三元合金体系Ni-Al-X(X=Rh,Ta,W,Re,Os和Ir)γ及γ'相互扩散系数矩阵的高通量测定,并对结果可靠性进行了细致的验证。通过对比不同元素在镍基高温合金中的互扩散系数,初步提出新一代镍基高温合金中Re的可能替代元素及合金成分设计的关键。最后,指出镍基高温合金互扩散系数矩阵测定的下一步工作和互扩散系数矩阵高通量测定的发展方向。     

Magnetic Turbulence in the Geospace Environment

Magnetic turbulence is found in most space plasmas, including the Earth’s magnetosphere, and the interaction region between the magnetosphere and the solar wind. Recent spacecraft observations of magnetic turbulence in the ion foreshock, in the magnetosheath, in the polar cusp regions, in the magnetotail, and in the high latitude ionosphere are reviewed. It is found that: 1. A large share of magnetic turbulence in the geospace environment is generated locally, as due for instance to the reflected ion beams in the ion foreshock, to temperature anisotropy in the magnetosheath and the polar cusp regions, to velocity shear in the magnetosheath and magnetotail, and to magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail. 2. Spectral indices close to the Kolmogorov value can be recovered for low frequency turbulence when long enough intervals at relatively constant flow speed are analyzed in the magnetotail, or when fluctuations in the magnetosheath are considered far downstream from the bow shock. 3. For high frequency turbulence, a spectral index α?2.3 or larger is observed in most geospace regions, in agreement with what is observed in the solar wind. 4. More studies are needed to gain an understanding of turbulence dissipation in the geospace environment, also keeping in mind that the strong temperature anisotropies which are observed show that wave particle interactions can be a source of wave emission rather than of turbulence dissipation. 5. Several spacecraft observations show the existence of vortices in the magnetosheath, on the magnetopause, in the magnetotail, and in the ionosphere, so that they may have a primary role in the turbulent injection and evolution. The influence of such a turbulence on the plasma transport, dynamics, and energization will be described, also using the results of numerical simulations.     

E 级计算给 CFD 带来的机遇与挑战

E 级(Exascale)计算机有望在2020年前后投入使用,E 级计算将给计算科学和科学研究带来革命性的变化。计算流体力学(CFD)作为超大规模计算机应用的重要领域之一,将迎来前所未有的发展机遇,同时也将面临极其严峻的技术挑战。本文对当前国内外超大规模 CFD 计算的现状进行了概述,探讨了未来 CFD 的发展趋势,并对 E 级计算给 CFD 带来的机遇与挑战进行了分析,最后提出了适应未来 E 级计算的 CFD 发展思路与建议。为了实现 E 级计算的宏伟目标,CFD 与计算机科学、应用数学等学科的“协同设计”势在必行。我们期待本文的分析能对我国的高性能计算应用、CFD 发展有一定的启示作用。     

地域环境是塑造人体肠道微生物的主导因素

肠道是人体最大的微生物菌库,肠道微生物的群落结构和功能改变会影响人体的免疫和代谢系统,与多种疾病的发生和发展有关。宿主的遗传、年龄、性别、疾病状态、用药、激素水平、生活环境、地域、饮食和生活习惯等均会不同程度地影响人体肠道稳态。饮食和生活习惯不仅会在短期内塑造肠道菌群,长期来看也是调整和干预肠道菌群最有效的方式。有研究认为肠道微生物差异始于宿主基因,但最新的一项研究发现,宿主基因型仅可解释个体间微生物差异的1.9%, 而生活在同一地域环境中、饮食和生活习惯相近的人,其肠道菌群组成和功能更加相似^[1]。一项中国人群的研究中也证实了地域是决定肠道菌群特征的决定性因素^[2]。这一方面提示我们在进行肠道微生物与疾病的临床干预性研究中应充分考虑宿主生活的地域环境、饮食和生活习惯,另一方面也提醒我们进行地域特异性肠道微生物研究的重要性和价值。我国幅员辽阔, 地域丰富,民族众多,但目前我国的肠道微生物研究多集中在东南沿海等发展程度较高的城市,在西北地区却相当缺乏。 我国西北地区地处高原地带,高海拔,低氧压,昼夜温差大,造就了独特的生活环境、饮食文化和风俗习惯,在当地生活着包括藏、回、东乡、裕固等多个少数民族的人群,因此进行我国西北地区少数民族人群肠道微生物的研究对探究特定地域环境和饮食生活条件下人群的健康和疾病发生及发展具有重要价值,同时,也有助于寻找新的疾病治疗菌株,为地域性高发病和疑难杂症等的预防和诊治提供基于肠道微生物的参考^[2]。     

临近空间低动态飞行器控制研究综述

针对临近空间低动态飞行器出现的新的控制问题,分析和总结了临近空间低动态飞行器控制进展状况和发展趋势。首先,基于飞艇和浮空器等临近空间低动态飞行器的特点,归纳总结了其飞行控制问题。在此基础上,结合这类飞行器的当前发展状况,从飞行器控制角度出发,着重介绍总结了临近空间低动态飞行器在控制系统执行机构配置、数学模型、姿态控制、定点控制、速度控制、航迹优化、轨迹跟踪控制、升空和返回控制、压力控制,以及应用的多种控制策略的研究进展。最后,在已有的控制问题研究发展的基础上,提出了临近空间低动态飞行器在控制研究领域所要解决和关注的若干问题。     

伸缩机翼变体飞机气动特性研究

伸缩机翼变体飞机通过机翼伸缩调整机翼展长,从而改变机翼面积和展弦比,改变飞机的气动布局和机翼的气动特性,满足多任务点的设计要求。简要介绍伸缩机翼变体飞机的发展历史,重点研究一种采用伸缩机翼设计的超音速飞机的气动特性变化。研究结果表明：亚音速时机翼展长伸长,展弦比增大,飞机诱导阻力降低,升阻比提高,可以明显提高飞机的航程;超音速时机翼展长缩短,展弦比减小,飞机的波阻降低,升阻比增大,提高了超音速飞行性能。伸缩机翼概念用于超音速飞机设计时能很好地兼顾亚音速巡航和超音速冲刺。     

惯性技术在光电探测技术中的应用

惯性技术是通过惯性传感器敏感载体运动信息,自主建立运动载体姿态基准的手段。随着现代光电探测技术的不断发展,光电武器装备在侦察、监视、定位、导航和通信等场合的应用越来越广泛,惯性技术在光电探测技术与光电设备中的作用也越来越重要。本文介绍了光电探测技术和典型机载光电系统、惯性技术的发展历程,详细介绍了惯性技术在光电探测技术中的应用情况,分析了其对作战方式和作战效能所带来的变化和提升,阐述了惯性技术在光电探测技术应用的未来发展需求和趋势。     

Trends in the Neutral and Ionized Upper Atmosphere

This article reviews our knowledge of long-term changes and trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. These changes are part of complex and comprehensive pattern of long-term trends in the Earth’s atmosphere. They also have practical impact. For example, decreasing thermospheric density causes the lifetime of orbiting space debris to increase, which is becoming a significant threat to important satellite technologies. Since the first paper on upper atmosphere trends was published in 1989, our knowledge has progressed considerably. Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases affect the whole atmosphere, not only the troposphere. They cause warming in the troposphere but cooling in the upper atmosphere. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide are not the only driver of long-term changes and trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. Anthropogenic changes of stratospheric ozone, long-term changes of geomagnetic and solar activity, and other drivers play a role as well, although greenhouse gases appear to be the main driver of long-term trends. This makes the pattern of trends more complex and variable. A?consistent, although incomplete, scenario of trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere is presented. Trends in F2-region ionosphere parameters, in mesosphere-lower thermosphere dynamics, and in noctilucent or polar mesospheric clouds, are discussed in more detail. Advances in observational and theoretical analysis have explained some previous discrepancies in this global trend scenario. An important role in trend investigations is played by model simulations, which facilitate understanding of the mechanisms behind the observed trends.     

关于建立高阶差分格式的问题

为了能在不太密的网格上捕捉到流场的细致结构。通常采用高阶精度的差分 式进行数值模拟。为能抑制计算中和在激波附近产生的虚假波动,本文从物理构思出发,提出了建立高阶格式的两个基本原则,作者称之为抑制波动的原则和稳定性原则。     

低压模化对燃气轮机燃烧室工作特性影响的数值分析

为研究低压模化对于燃气轮机燃烧室工作特性的影响,采用ANSYS软件的FLUENT模块,对燃烧室在低压模化以及低压1/3尺寸模化条件下的燃气轮机燃烧室分别进行数值模拟研究,并与在全压条件下的燃烧室计算结果进行对比分析。计算结果表明:在低压模化条件下,燃烧室的流线形态与全压下基本相同;由于压力对于化学反应平衡的影响,在低压条件下燃烧室的壁温相比在全压下的平均降低70~100 K,其出口温度场指标比在全压下的更好;由于受燃烧室入口空气压力的影响,在低压条件下燃烧室的燃烧效率和流阻损失均比在全压下的低;另外,由燃烧室压力和尺寸的变化引起的燃烧室内温度分布变化,造成NO源分布的不同及燃烧室内NO的生成速率发生巨大变化,导致燃烧室NOx的排放水平不同,并验证了压力指数。其计算结果可为燃气轮机燃烧室的低压和常压模化试验提供参考。     

WAVES: The radio and plasma wave investigation on the wind spacecraft

The WAVES investigation on the WIND spacecraft will provide comprehensive measurements of the radio and plasma wave phenomena which occur in Geospace. Analyses of these measurements, in coordination with the other onboard plasma, energetic particles, and field measurements will help us understand the kinetic processes that are important in the solar wind and in key boundary regions of the Geospace. These processes are then to be interpreted in conjunction with results from the other ISTP spacecraft in order to discern the measurements and parameters for mass, momentum, and energy flow throughout geospace. This investigation will also contribute to observations of radio waves emitted in regions where the solar wind is accelerated. The WAVES investigation comprises several innovations in this kind of instrumentation: among which the first use, to our knowledge, of neural networks in real-time on board a scientific spacecraft to analyze data and command observation modes, and the first use of a wavelet transform-like analysis in real time to perform a spectral analysis of a broad band signal.     

事故与熵—事故发生可能性计算的新方法

本文从熵增加的观点描述了事故的本质,剖析了人机系统的实质与特性,提出了风险熵与事故势的概念,给出了计算风险熵与故事势的方法.结果表明,系统具有二重性.在系统运行期间,系统具有封闭体系的特性;在休整期间.系统具有开放体系的特性.事故是运行系统的必然发展趋势,是一种自发过程,是运行系统的固有属性.由于在系统熵增的过程中信息与能量的交换,所以可以把事故定义为系统熵增加的结果.避免事故发生的原理是不断向系统输入信息或负熵以抵消系统内部的熵增加.     

磁流体湍流中的结构和能量传输

磁流体湍流中存在多种相干结构,包括电流和涡旋结构。文章主要对近几年有关磁流体湍流相干结构及其相关的能量传输的一些工作进行了介绍。不同于中性流体湍流中的管状结构,磁流体中的相干结构多呈现为片状,强电流片附近也存在强涡片结构。磁流体湍流中的能量级串使能量跨尺度从大尺度传递至小尺度;与中性流体湍流能量传输主要集中在相近尺度上不同,磁流体湍流除了动能传输,还有磁能传输,以及动能与磁能之间的跨尺度互相转换。研究表明,磁流体湍流中的能量传输及耗散具有强间歇性,集中在较小区域范围,且与相干结构存在关联。在存在背景磁场的情况下,磁流体湍流中的相干结构在背景磁场方向上被拉长,而同样方向上的能量传输受到抑制。在高马赫数的情况下,激波的产生会使能量传输明显增强,同时带来很强的间歇性,结构函数标度律远远偏离线性标度关系,并且随着阶数的增加,标度指数会达到饱和值。     

公允价值在我国新会计准则中的应用及对策

自20世纪90年代以来，公允价值在国际会计准则和美、英等国会计准则中的地位日益凸显，其应用范围一再扩展。受这一趋势的影响，我国于20世纪90年代后期在部分具体会计准则中开始引入公允价值，但公允价值在我国的应用并非一帆风顺，先后经历了“引入、回避、重新引入”的曲折过程。重新引入公允价值成为我国新会计准则的最大亮点，但面临着市场环境不完善、公司治理结构不完善、会计人员素质整体水平偏低、会计监督体制不健全等方面的突出问题。因此，我国应当采取加强公允价值理论研究、加强相关法规制度建设、进一步完善市场环境、完善公司治理结构、加强道德教育与业务培训、完善内部会计控制制度、强化外部审计监督等措施，以促进公允价值在我国的推广应用。     

不同GNSS在高纬度地区时间传递性能分析

全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）载波相位时间传递技术是高精度时间传递领域的主要研究方法之一，但目前关于该部分的研究主要集中在中低纬度地区，在高纬度地区并不多见。不同GNSS由于星座设计不同，在高纬度地区结构差异较大，因此需要对不同GNSS在高纬度地区的时间传递性能进行分析。实验结果表明，在高纬度地区时间传递中，Galileo稳定度最高，GPS和BDS次之，GLONASS最差。同时因在高纬度地区卫星的高度角普遍偏低，为合理平衡低高度角时可视卫星多和多路径误差大的矛盾，对不同截止高度角下获取的链路时间传递性能进行了分析。结果表明，在5°截止高度角下，高纬度地区的时间传递链路稳定性最好。     

V: SEA LEVEL: Benefits of GRACE and GOCE to sea level studies

The recently published Third Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have underlined the scientific interest in, and practical importance of past and potential future sea level changes. Space gravity missions will provide major benefits to the understanding of the past, and, thereby, in the prediction of future, sea level changes in many ways. The proposal for the GOCE mission described well the improvements to be expected from improved gravity field and geoid models in oceanography (for example, in the measurement of the time-averaged, or ‘steady state’, ocean surface circulation and better estimation of ocean transports), in geophysics (in the improvement of geodynamic models for vertical land movements), in geodesy (in positioning of tide gauge data into the same reference frame as altimeter data, and in improvement of altimeter satellite orbits), and possibly in glaciology (in improved knowledge of bedrock topography and ice sheet mass fluxes). GRACE will make many important steps towards these ‘steady state’ aims. However, its main purpose is the provision of oceanographic (and hydrological and meteorological) temporally-varying gravity information, and should in effect function as a global ‘bottom pressure recorder’, providing further insight into the 3-D temporal variation of the ocean circulation, and of the global water budget in general. This paper summaries several of these issues, pointing the way towards improved accuracy of prediction of future sea level change. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Low-Mass Pre–Main-Sequence Stars in the Magellanic Clouds

The stellar Initial Mass Function (IMF) suggests that stars with sub-solar mass form in very large numbers. Most attractive places for catching low-mass star formation in the act are young stellar clusters and associations, still (half-)embedded in star-forming regions. The low-mass stars in such regions are still in their pre–main-sequence (PMS) evolutionary phase, i.e., they have not started their lives on the main-sequence yet. The peculiar nature of these objects and the contamination of their samples by the fore- and background evolved populations of the Galactic disk impose demanding observational techniques, such as X-ray surveying and optical spectroscopy of large samples for the detection of complete numbers of PMS stars in the Milky Way. The Magellanic Clouds, the metal-poor companion galaxies to our own, demonstrate an exceptional star formation activity. The low extinction and stellar field contamination in star-forming regions of these galaxies imply a more efficient detection of low-mass PMS stars than in the Milky Way, but their distance from us make the application of the above techniques unfeasible. Nonetheless, imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope within the last five years yield the discovery of solar and sub-solar PMS stars in the Magellanic Clouds from photometry alone. Unprecedented numbers of such objects are identified as the low-mass stellar content of star-forming regions in these galaxies, changing completely our picture of young stellar systems outside the Milky Way, and extending the extragalactic stellar IMF below the persisting threshold of a few solar masses. This review presents the recent developments in the investigation of the PMS stellar content of the Magellanic Clouds, with special focus on the limitations by single-epoch photometry that can only be circumvented by the detailed study of the observable behavior of these stars in the color-magnitude diagram. The achieved characterization of the low-mass PMS stars in the Magellanic Clouds allowed thus a more comprehensive understanding of the star formation process in our neighboring galaxies.     

Experimental study of entrainment phenomenon in a trapped vortex combustor

Trapped vortex combustor (TVC) is an advanced low-pollution gas turbine combustor, with the adoption of staged combustion technique. To achieve low-pollutant emission and better combustion performance, the proportion of the air flow in each combustion zone should be precisely determined in the design of the combustor. Due to the presence of entrainment phenomenon, the total air flow in the cavity zone is difficult to estimate. To overcome the measurement difficulty, this study adopts the indirect measurement approach in the experimental research of entrainment phenomenon in the cavity. In accordance with the measurement principle, a TVC model fueled by methane is designed. Under two experimental conditions, i.e. with and without direct air intake in the cavity, the influence of the mainstream air flow velocity, the air intake velocity in the cavity, the height of inlet channel, the structure of holder and the structural proportion of the cavity on entrainment in the cavity is studied, respectively, through experiment at atmospheric temperature and pressure. The results suggest that the air flow velocity of mainstream, the air intake velocity of the cavity and the structure of the holder exert significant influence on the air entrainment, while the influence of structural proportion of the cavity is comparatively insignificant. The square root of momentum ratio of cavity air to mainstream air could be used to analyze the correlation of the entrainment data.