Best linear unbiased filtering with nonlinear measurements for target tracking

In tracking applications, target dynamics are usually modeled in the Cartesian coordinates, while target measurements are directly available in the original sensor coordinates. Measurement conversion is widely used such that the Kalman filter can be applied in the Cartesian coordinates. A number of improved measurement-conversion techniques have been proposed recently. However, they have fundamental limitations, resulting in performance degradation, as pointed out in a recent survey conducted by the authors. A filter is proposed here that is theoretically optimal in the sense of minimizing the mean-square error among all linear unbiased filters in the Cartesian coordinates. The proposed filter is free of the fundamental limitations of the measurement-conversion approach. Results of an approximate, recursive implementation are compared with those obtained by two state-of-the-art conversion techniques. Simulation results are provided.     

一种卫星精密星历的插值方法

在卫星各种应用中通常需要对卫星的星历进行插值,而且要求插值后星历精度仍保持与原轨道精度相当。本文采用在拉格朗日多项式插值方法基础上改进的Neville算法,对一颗低轨道地球卫星进行了仿真计算,分别对采用轨道根数和直角坐标速度形式的轨道进行插值。仿真结果表明选取合理的插值方法后,可以得到高精度的卫星星历,具有工程应用价值。     

Limits in tracking with extended Kalman filters

The classical linearized conversion of measurements from polar or spherical coordinates to Cartesian ones generates a bias restricting the use of this conversion to cases where the bias can be neglected. In this work, the validity limits for the classical 2D transformation from polar to Cartesian coordinates, as derived in previous work, are shown to be too restrictive and the limits for the 3D transformation from spherical to Cartesian coordinates are introduced. Furthermore, quantitative measures for the performance degradation of the commonly used extended Kalman filter (EKF) in comparison with the best linear unbiased estimation (BLUE) filter are obtained by simulating typical tracking scenarios.     

压气机特性线应用于发动机线性建模的新算法

基于某型航空发动机的基本方程 ,建立了其线性数学模型。着重解决了两个问题 :提出一种改进的分段光滑插值 ,代替通常的插值方法来获得所需参数及偏微分量 ;给出了从压气机换算参数的偏微分到物理参数的偏微分的转换公式。最后基于MATLAB进行了动态特性的数字仿真     

打磨机操作臂的轨迹规划与仿真

提出了笛卡尔空间大步距插值与关节空间改进的三次样条小步距插值相结合的方法,对打磨机进行了轨迹规划。利用关节空间改进的三次样条插值,消除了启动和停止时的加速度突变。并且通过SimMechanics工具箱建立模型,验证了轨迹规划方法的正确性和有效性,为操作臂的伺服控制提供理论基础。     

方位维逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)运动补偿成象中的预加处理

在方位维逆合成孔径雷达（ISAR）运动补偿成象中,为了获得方位维的高分辨力,需要处理的数据量很大。预加处理首先对原始数据进行频移和滤波,然后由滤波后的数据进行抽取,从而大大压缩了所需处理的数据,减小了运动补偿和成象的计算量,提高了成象处理速度。电磁仿真数据和外场实测数据的处理结果验证了预加处理的有效性。     

Signal processing of wide bandwidth and wide beamwidth P-3 SAR data

This research is concerned with multidimensional signal processing and image formation with FOliage PENetrating (FOPEN) airborne radar data which were collected by a Navy P-3 ultra wideband (UWB) radar in 1995. The digital signal processors that were developed for the P-3 data commonly used a radar beamwidth angle that was limited to 35 deg. Provided that the P-3 radar beamwidth angle (after slow-time FIR filtering and 6:1 decimation) was 35 deg, the P-3 signal aperture radar (SAR) system would approximately yield alias-free data in the slow-time Doppler domain. We provide an analysis here of the slow-time Doppler properties of the P-3 SAR system. This study indicates that the P-3 database possesses a 50 deg beamwidth angle within the entire [215, 730] MHz band of the P-3 radar. We show that the 50-degree beamwidth limit is imposed by the radar (radial) range swath gate; a larger beamwidth measurements would be possible with a larger range swath gate. The 50-degree beamwidth of the P-3 system results in slow-time Doppler aliasing within the frequency band of [444, 730] MHz. We outline a slow-time processing of the P-3 data to minimize the Doppler aliasing. The images which are formed via this method are shown to be superior in quality to the images which are formed via the conventional P-3 processor. In the presentation, we also introduce a method for converting the P-3 deramped (range-compressed) data into its alias-free baseband echoed data; the utility of this conversion for suppressing radio frequency interference signals is shown     

目标图像的显示及后期处理技术

:通过对由图象输入设备获得的目标图象文件的分析 ,论述了利用计算机来完成此类图象的显示方法。此外还论述了利用抛物插值算法来实现目标图像的后期处理———图象局部放大显示的原理及方法。     

Multiradar Tracking System Using Radial Velocity Measurements

Multiradar tracking using both position and radial velocity measurements is discussed. The measurement of two or more different radial velocity components allows the calculation of rectangular velocity components. The measurement noise of the velocity components is filtered using a Kalman filter in the same way as the Cartesian position components. Before the conversion of velocity components from radial to Cartesian coordinates, the radial velocities are aligned on a time scale to account for the time shift of the radar measurements. In order to compare multiradar tracking system performance with and without radial velocity, some simulation tests have been performed for typical paths. The simulation results show a significant improvement when radial velocity is used for tracking.     

柱坐标系下叶片曲面造型方法的研究

由于叶片在沿叶高方向上截面内的截线不是单值函数,所以需要用参数样条的方式构造整个叶片曲面。在分析叶片沿叶高方向上截面数据的基础上,本文将笛卡儿坐标系下的截面数据转换到柱坐标系下,并以极角和叶高为参数构造了双三次插值B样条曲面。     

State interpolation for on-board navigation systems

Common concepts for autonomous on-board navigation systems rely on the numerical integration of a spacecraft trajectory between subsequent measurements of a navigation sensor such as GPS. In combination with a Kalman filter, a predicted state vector becomes available at discrete, but not necessarily equidistant time steps. When used for real-time attitude control or geo-coding of image data, the on-board navigation system has to provide continuous dense output at equidistant time steps, which usually conflicts with the natural stepsize of the relevant integration methods and the non-equidistant measurement times. To cope with this problem, the integrator has to be supplemented by an interpolation scheme of compatible order and accuracy.After presenting a representative formulation of an on-board navigation system and deriving related timing and accuracy requirements, suitable Runge–Kutta methods and associated interpolants are selected and evaluated. Promising results are obtained for the classical RK4 method in combination with Richardson extrapolation and 5th-order Hermite interpolation. The 5th-order Fehlberg method with interpolation due to Enright and, for drag-free scenarios, the 5th-order Runge–Kutta–Nystrom method with 5th-order Hermite interpolation provide a good performance in terms of position interpolation. However, as both methods exhibit significant errors for the velocity interpolation, they are not recommended for use with the outlined navigation filter.     

方位扫描SAR区域成像研究

研究在SAR区域成像中,通过天线波束方位扫描扩大成像区方位宽度的机理以及信号处理方法。首先描述天线波束扫描的几何关系,推导出为达到要求的成像分辨率以及成像区方位宽度所需的天线波束扫描角速度和扫描角度的计算公式。分析了成像区位置与载机航迹的几何关系。然后讨论方位扫描SAR区域成像信号处理方法,并给出系统点目标响应仿真结果。最后,用试飞实测数据成像做了验证。     

复杂外形的动态混合网格生成方法

本文将层推进方法、四分树方法和阵面推进法相结合,建立了二维复杂外形的动态混合网格生成方法.首先用层推进方法在运动物体附近生成贴体的四边形网格,然后用四分树方法在外场生成自适应的矩形网格,而中间由三角形网格过渡.三角形网格由阵面推进法生成,并由节点松弛和"对角线交换"方法进行优化.当物体运动时,贴体的四边形网格随物体运动而运动,而外场的矩形网格保持静止.中间过渡层的三角形网格随物体运动而变形.当物体运动位移较大导致出现质量较差的单元甚至导致网格相交时,则在局部重新生成网格.利用上述动态混合网格生成方法,生成了多种含相对运动的复杂外形的动态混合网格,网格质量令人满意.     

基于高斯混合概率假设密度滤波的扫描型光学传感器像平面多目标跟踪算法

高斯混合概率假设密度(GM-PHD)滤波是一种基于随机有限集理论的次优贝叶斯多目标跟踪方法,本文研究了该算法在扫描型光学传感器像平面的多目标跟踪问题.针对典型的锥扫模式和推扫模式,根据其扫描特性建立目标的运动模型和测量模型.介绍高斯混合概率假设密度滤波的基本原理.针对原算法在强杂波环境中的低效率问题,借鉴传统多目标跟踪...     

惯性参数不确定的自由漂浮空间机器人自适应控制研究

针对自由漂浮空间机器人系统惯性参数不确定问题,提出一种笛卡儿空间内的自适应轨迹跟踪控制方法。采用扩展机械臂模型建立了自由漂浮空间机器人关节空间动力学方程,进而推导笛卡儿空间中的自由漂浮空间机器人动力学方程。在基于逆动力学法的自由漂浮空间机器人自适应控制器设计中,利用标称控制器离线固定控制参数与补偿控制器在线补偿方法,既可以保证惯量矩阵可逆,又可以使控制参数实时估计。采用Lyapunov方法的稳定性分析表明系统是稳定且渐进收敛的。最后,应用该控制方法对两杆平面自由漂浮空间机器人进行了仿真研究。仿真结果显示自由漂浮空间机器人末端执行器在笛卡儿空间具有良好的轨迹跟踪能力。     

浸入式贴体网格边界方法

提出一种基于重叠网格的浸入式边界方法,用以模拟复杂的三维黏性跨声速流动.该方法采用一套固定的笛卡儿正交网格,用以主流的求解;采用一套可以移动的贴体等距面网格,用以拟合或者离散物面的作用力,通过空间插值,实现两套网格重叠部分的信息传递.分析了浸入式贴体网格边界方法的优势,介绍了贡献单元的寻找策略和物理通量的插值方法.流场...     

基于碰撞检测的自适应阻抗控制机械臂系统(英文)

针对柔性关节机械臂,本文阐述了机械臂能够像人手一样安全操作的方法。3种方法相结合,以便机械臂能够柔顺的接触操作对象并控制接触力在预设定范围内。首先,提出采用虚拟分解法的笛卡尔阻抗控制用来实现机械臂在笛卡尔空间的柔顺控制。其次,引入自适应关节动态补偿器使得机械臂能够实施更为精确的控制。最后,设计了基于笛卡尔力反馈的实时路径规划,从而使机械臂能够检测碰撞并控制接触力。基于碰撞检测的自适应阻抗控制器能够简化其在机械臂上的实施,保持机械臂对环境的友好操作,并且严格满足系统的全局稳定性。实验在4自由度的卫星在轨自维护机械臂平台得以验证。碰撞检测实验和轨迹跟踪实验结果证明了所提出方法的有效性和可行性。     

A fast and automatic full-potential finite volume solver on Cartesian grids for unconventional configurations

To meet the requirements of fast and automatic computation of subsonic and transonic aerodynamics in aircraft conceptual design,a novel finite volume solver for full potential flows on adaptive Cartesian grids is developed in this paper.Cartesian grids with geometric adaptation are firstly generated automatically with boundary cells processed by cell-cutting and cell-merging algo rithms.The nonlinear full potential equation is discretized by a finite volume scheme on these Cartesian grids and iteratively solved in an implicit fashion with a generalized minimum residual (GMRES) algorithm.During computation,solution-based mesh adaptation is also applied so as to capture flow features more accurately.An improved ghost-cell method is proposed to implement the non-penetration wall boundary condition where the velocity-potential of a ghost cell is modified by an analytic method instead.According to the characteristics of the Cartesian grids,the Kutta condition is applied by specially computing the gradients on Kutta-faces without directly assigning the potential jump to cells adjacent wake faces,which can significantly improve the solution con verging speed.The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method are validated by several typical cases of sub/transonic flows around an ONERA M6 wing,a DLR-F4 wing-body,and an unconventional figuration of a blended wing body (BWB).The validation cases demonstrate a fast convergence with fully automatic grid treatment and computation,and the results suggest its capacity in application for aircraft conceptual design.     

示温漆温度自动判读与数字图像处理系统

分析了示温漆的颜色温度特性,提出了温度识别方法。依据色度学理论,综合运用图像处理与数据库技术,开发了示温漆温度自动判读与数字图像处理系统;介绍了系统的软、硬件,在LAB色彩空间,采用3次样条插值算法进行了颜色数据拟合,实测数据表明,该系统提高了温度判读的准确性。     

Motion compensation for ISAR and noise effect

A method of motion compensation for inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) is proposed. The techniques of interpolation, cross correlation, and estimation are used together. Essential to the method is the fact that avoiding cross-range image aliasing due to Doppler ambiguities requires range profiles to be generated at an adequate rate. The effect of noise on motion compensation is studied by means of simulation. The quality of the reconstructed image is used to evaluate the method