技术试验航天器近况

□□从航天时代开始,技术试验航天器就成为开发空间技术的试验基地,往往用于投资昂贵的大任务之前在实际的轨道环境中和可接受的风险下对新技术或业务进行迅速的验证、演示和评估,成为空间技术发展不可逾越的重要阶段。几乎所有的空间研究机构都建造过技术验证航天器,用于现有硬件设备的技术检验,以及对全新技术的试验验证。本文将从激光通信技术、天基监视技术、卫星攻防技术、作战快速响应能力、轨道服务技术、宽带通信技术、导航技术、合成孔径雷达技术、太阳帆技术及先进技术部件10个方面来介绍近年技术试验航天器的发展。     

国外计量测试技术发展动态及趋势综述

计量学是测量及其应用的科学。计量是实现单位统一、量值准确可靠的活动,计量技术水平体现了科技发展的先进程度,产品质量的提升离不开科学、精准的计量。本文通过搜集、整理单位制变革以及量子化技术、微纳尺度技术、空间计量技术、碳纳米材料技术、智能化计量技术等国内外大量文献资料,归纳并分析了国外先进计量技术发展动态与趋势,可为国防军工计量技术发展提供借鉴。     

国外计量测试技术发展动态及趋势综述

计量学是测量及其应用的科学。计量是实现单位统一、量值准确可靠的活动,计量技术水平体现了科技发展的先进程度,产品质量的提升离不开科学、精准的计量。本文通过搜集、整理单位制变革以及量子化技术、微纳尺度技术、空间计量技术、碳纳米材料技术、智能化计量技术等国内外大量文献资料,归纳并分析了国外先进计量技术发展动态与趋势,可为国防军工计量技术发展提供借鉴。     

增材制造技术在载人航天工程中的应用与展望

近年来,增材制造技术在载人航天工程中的应用迅速发展。对熔融沉积成型技术、激光选区熔化技术、线材电弧增材制造技术、热喷涂增材技术、月壤增材制造技术等用于载人航天工程的增材制造技术及这些技术的应用领域进行了总结。对增材制造技术在在轨制造飞行器替换件、制造大型桁架等难以在地面制造或发射的部件、制造飞行器复杂部件等应用领域进行了总结。提出未来载人航天工程技术的增材制造中应发展适合载人航天工程的材料体系,应研究微重力环境下的增材制造技术,同时未来还应发展相关工艺。     

《宇航计测技术》撰稿须知

《宇航计测技术》是国家科委批准的计量测试专业性技术刊物,国内外公开发行,双月刊。主要报道无线电、时间频率、电磁、光学、长度、热学、力学、和化学等计量标准的设计、研制和计量测试技术、仪器仪表的检定维修技术、误差分析及数据处理技术等。除上述专栏外,本刊还设有电子技术应用、自动化测量、计量基础、计量服务、计量信息等栏目。本刊的宗旨是报道计量测试技术的科研成果与技术进展,传递计量信息,促进学术交流,推广科研成果,为国防现代化服务。     

《宇航计测技术》撰稿须知

《宇航计测技术》是国家科委批准的计量测试专业性技术刊物,国内外公开发行,双月刊。主要报道无线电、时间频率、电磁、光学、长度、热学、力学、和化学等计量标准的设计、研制和计量测试技术、仪器仪表的检定维修技术、误差分析及数据处理技术等。除上述专栏外,本刊还设有电子技术应用、自动化测量、计量基础、计量服务、计量信息等栏目。本刊的宗旨是报道计量测试技术的科研成果与技术进展,传递计量信息,促进学术交流,推广科研成果,为国防现代化服务。     

空间极小推力宽范围可调推进技术研究进展

空间极小推力宽范围可调推进技术是高精度航天器重点支撑技术,其性能决定了高精度控制任务的成败.在分析了空间极小推力宽范围可调推进技术内涵的基础上,对典型的宽范围极小推力冷气推进技术、电推进技术进行了国内外研究情况分析.研究分析了空间极小推力宽范围可调推进技术中涉及到的关键技术,如极小推力模型及高精度闭环控制技术、高精度流量驱动控制技术、高精度流量测量技术、高精度极小推力测试技术.对空间极小推力宽范围可调推进技术的发展现状和发展趋势进行了总结,给出了我国空间极小推力宽范围可调推进技术的发展建议.首次全面、系统地对空间极小推力宽范围可调推进技术进行了综述、总结和展望.     

核热推进技术发展综述

核热推进具有比冲高、推力大,及工作时间长等特点,在载人深空探测、大型星际货物运输等方面有广阔的应用前景。介绍了美国和俄罗斯/前苏联的核热推进技术研发历程和技术发展状态,归纳总结了发展过程中呈现出的推力水平中等化、堆芯构成模块化、燃料元件高性能化、试验手段非核化和多功能模式化的发展趋势,并初步分析了核热推进研发过程中所涉及的反应堆设计技术、核安全防护设计技术、燃料芯块制备技术、燃料元件成型技术、排气处理技术,及发动机启动技术等关键技术。最后对我国核热推进技术发展提出了核与航天部门合作研发、借鉴美俄经验教训、及早并持续开展研究的发展建议。     

空间攻防的“新宠”——“太空掳星”技术

<正>空间攻防是敌对双方利用太空为获得、保持战场控制权而进行的进攻性和防御性军事行动。实施和保障空间攻防作战的空间攻防技术有空间投送技术、空间态势感知技术、进攻性空间攻防技术和防御性空间攻防技术。冷战时期,空间攻防技术曾是美、苏重点发展的技术领域,并以里根总统的"星球大战"计划达到高潮,但此后发展规模有所缩小,发展速度逐渐放慢。     

深空探测推进技术发展趋势

推进技术是制约深空探测能力的重要因素,由于深空探测航天器自身特点和任务需求的多样性,对推进系统类型的要求也不尽相同,需要在推力、比冲、功率、重量等关键指标选择方面进行综合衡量。对当前和未来适用于深空探测任务需求的几种典型空间推进技术的发展情况进行了阐述,包括混合模式推进技术、太阳能电推进技术、空间核电推进技术、帆类推进技术等,介绍了这些技术的研究进展和应用情况,并对后续应用进行了展望,为我国深空探测推进技术发展提供参考。     

MEP (Mars Environment Package): toward a package for studying environmental conditions at the surface of Mars from future lander/rover missions.

In view to prepare Mars human exploration, it is necessary to promote and lead, at the international level, a highly interdisciplinary program, involving specialists of geochemistry, geophysics, atmospheric science, space weather, and biology. The goal of this program will be to elaborate concepts of individual instruments, then of integrated instrumental packages, able to collect exhaustive data sets of environmental parameters from future landers and rovers of Mars, and to favour the conditions of their implementation. Such a program is one of the most urgent need for preparing human exploration, in order to develop mitigation strategies aimed at ensuring the safety of human explorers, and minimizing risk for surface operations. A few main areas of investigation may be listed: particle and radiation environment, chemical composition of atmosphere, meteorology, chemical composition of dust, surface and subsurface material, water in the subsurface, physical properties of the soil, search for an hypothesized microbial activity, characterization of radio-electric properties of the Martian ionosphere. Scientists at the origin of the present paper, already involved at a high degree of responsibility in several Mars missions, and actively preparing in situ instrumentation for future landed platforms (Netlander--now cancelled, MSL-09), express their readiness to participate in both ESA/AURORA and NASA programs of Mars human exploration. They think that the formation of a Mars Environment working group at ESA, in the course of the AURORA definition phase, could act positively in favour of the program, by increasing its scientific cross-section and making it still more focused on human exploration.     

Remote sensing of environmental factors affecting health

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of research to identify, by satellite imagery, parameters of the environment affecting health on Earth. Thus, we suggest expanding the application of space technology to preventive medicine, as a new field in the peaceful uses of outer space. The scope of the study includes all parts of the environment, natural and man-made, and all kinds of protection of life: human, animal and vegetation health. The general objective is to consider and classify those factors, detectable from space, that affect or are relevant to health and may be found in the air, water, sea, soil, land, vegetation, as well as those linked to climate, industry, energy production, development works, irrigation systems, and human settlements. The special objective is the classification of environmental factors detectable from space, that are linked to communicable or chronic endemic diseases or health problems. The method of identifying the factors affecting health was the parallel study of environmental epidemiological and biological parameters. The role of environmental factors common to both human and animal populations is discussed. Conclusive findings are formulated and possible applications, both scientific and practical, in other sectors are also discussed.     

仿真模型的可重用性研究

针对目前建模与仿真的现状和特点,分析了解决仿真模型重用的关键技术－面向对象的分析与设计方法的基本原则和重要作用。指出了面向对象技术中的抽象、信息隐藏、多态和继承等基本原则是隐藏复杂性、提高代码重用性和标准化的基础。进一步给出了模型重用的分类和前提,并重点论证了模型分类、公有属性提取、结构与参数分离、数据与处理方法的封装和ＶＶ＆Ａ技术是实现仿真模型可重用性的技术步骤。     

PEEK/ZrO2固体合金的探索研究

在聚醚醚酮(PEEK)玻璃化转变温度以下,用外动式高能旋转球磨机使PEEK和二氧化锆(ZrO₂)混合物反复变形、断裂和结合,并形成新的相,即形成PEEK/ZrO₂固体合金.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和动态热力学分析装置(DMTA)对PEEK/ZrO₂=1/2和2/1固体合金的结构及性能进行研究;并与纯PEEK对比,探讨PEEK与ZrO₂形成固体合金的可能性;讨论固体合金化工艺对PEEK/ZrO₂固体合金性能的影响,分析PEEK/ZrO₂固体合金的形成机理.     

第21～24太阳周4类空间天气事件爆发特征统计分析

对第21～24太阳周不同等级的太阳X射线耀斑事件、太阳质子事件、地磁暴事件及高能电子增强事件的爆发频次特征进行统计,结果表明:太阳周耀斑爆发的总数量与该太阳周的黑子数峰值呈正比,耀斑总数、X级耀斑事件数与峰值的相关系数分别为0.974,0.997;太阳质子事件主要发生在峰年前后1～2年,约占总发生次数的80%,峰值通量大于10pfu （1 pfu=1 cm-2·sr-1·s-1）的质子事件中,84%伴有耀斑爆发,并且主要伴随M或X级耀斑,少量伴随C级耀斑,峰值通量大于1000pfu的质子事件中,98%伴随M或X级耀斑,并且以X级耀斑为主;第21,22,23和24太阳周发生地磁暴最频繁的时间分别在1982,1991,2003年和2015年,分别滞后黑子数峰值时间3年、2年、2年和1年;72%的高能电子增强事件发生在太阳周下降期,24%的高能电子增强事件发生在太阳周上升期.      

聚合物基复合材料凸头螺栓连接研究进展

机械连接是聚合物基复合材料最典型的连接方式,因其在连接工艺性和可靠性方面的优势,使其在航空航天制造领域得到了广泛应用。对凸头螺栓连接聚合物基复合材料接头的研究进展进行综述。回顾了复合材料接头的机械连接形式,讨论了在拉伸加载下的失效过程,详细论述了复合材料接头的损伤模式;重点讨论了复合材料接头力学性能影响因素的研究进展,包括复合材料性能（纤维类型、增强体结构形式、纤维与金属混杂层板、铺层角度及比例、固化工艺、初始材料缺陷）、紧固件性能（紧固件刚度、钉头型式、螺栓直径、螺纹密封、间隙配合、干涉配合、紧固件缺失）、连接板性能、侧向约束（拧紧力矩、预紧面积、补偿垫片、接触面摩擦因素）、几何效应（复合材料板尺寸、板厚与孔直径比、层合板宽度与孔直径比、孔端距与孔直径比、螺孔形状、螺孔质量、螺孔位置误差）、载荷（静载荷、动态载荷、疲劳载荷、蠕变、松弛、温湿载荷）等;对聚合物基复合材料凸头螺栓连接的未来研究方向进行了展望。     

An experimental and empirical model of electron temperature for altitudes of 500 to 1000 km and for a high solar activity period

On the basis of systematic electron temperature measurements onboard the Interkosmos-19 satellite, an experimental global model of electron temperature T_e has been constructed; namely, a set of samples representing 10 intervals of measured T_e, accompanied by values of the geographic longitude, solar zenith angle, season of the year, Covington index, Dst and Kp, grouped according to the invariant latitude, geomagnetic time and altitude. On the basis of the experimental model, the coefficients of the empirical models for the summer and winter seasons, for geophysically quiet conditions, and for heights of 520, 600, 920 and 1000 km are calculated. For heights of 680, 760 and 840 km with fewer data available, the coefficients are provisional.     

A proposed international tropical reference atmosphere up to 80 km

Motivated by the need in many aerospace applications for a meaningful reference atmosphere characteristic of the whole of the tropics in both the northern and southern hemispheres of the globe, a proposal is made here for such an atmosphere upto an altitude of 80 km. The proposal is based on balloonsonde, rocketsonde and grenade and falling sphere data, respectively, in the range of about 0–20, 20–50 and 50–80 km height. The final proposal consists of six linear segments in the temperature distribution, with temperature values in degrees Centigrade of 27, ?9, ?74, ?5, ?5, ?74 and ?74 at altitudes of 0, 9, 16, 46, 52, 75 and 80 km respectively. The sea level pressure is taken as 1010 mb, and abridged tables of quantities of interest in meteorological and aerospace applications are provided.     

Chemical composition measurements of the atmosphere of Jupiter with the Galileo Probe mass spectrometer.

The Galileo Probe entered the atmosphere of Jupiter on December 7, 1995. Measurements of the chemical and isotopic composition of the Jovian atmosphere were obtained by the mass spectrometer during the descent over the 0.5 to 21 bar pressure region over a time period of approximately 1 hour. The sampling was either of atmospheric gases directly introduced into the ion source of the mass spectrometer through capillary leaks or of gas, which had been chemically processed to enhance the sensitivity of the measurement to trace species or noble gases. The analysis of this data set continues to be refined based on supporting laboratory studies on an engineering unit. The mixing ratios of the major constituents of the atmosphere hydrogen and helium have been determined as well as mixing ratios or upper limits for several less abundant species including: methane, water, ammonia, ethane, ethylene, propane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. Analysis also suggests the presence of trace levels of other 3 and 4 carbon hydrocarbons, or carbon and nitrogen containing species, phosphine, hydrogen chloride, and of benzene. The data set also allows upper limits to be set for many species of interest which were not detected. Isotope ratios were measured for 3He/4He, D/H, 13C/12C, 20Ne/22Ne, 38Ar/36Ar and for isotopes of both Kr and Xe.     

The Main Results and the Perspectives in the Researches at SSRT

In this report briefly presented the contemporary state of the experimental base of Radio Astrophysical Observatory (RAO) of the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP), the methodology of radioheliographic monitoring of the solar corona, the SSRT database, the RAO Web-pages, factors limiting the effective use of SSRT. Here are formulated the original results of the basic directions of the solar activity researches and the problems solutions on SSRT: (1) active regions at various development stages, morphology, modeling,signs of energy accumulation and flares buildup, forecast of powerful flares; (2) scenario, topology and the fine temporal picture of flares development, signs of primary energy release, radio emission mechanisms, scatter effects of radio emission in turbulent corona, energetic particles fluxes; (3) filaments; (4) CME with the localization of their initiation at the solar disk background, development scenario of filament activation + CME +flare; (5) coronal holes, and (6) bright coronal points.