中国现在需要自己的亚轨道载人飞船吗?(下)

从单级入轨可复用运载器到新空间运输战略计划 1994年8月，美国总统克林顿签署并颁布了新的国家空间运输政策，指定由美国航宇局(NASA)负责可复用运载器(RLV)的关键技术开发，目标是以火箭发动机为动力的单级入轨运载器。     

美两公司研究俄飞船与其火箭的组合问题

美国通用动力公司与马丁·玛丽埃塔公司将为美国航宇局研究用它们的运载器发射作为自由号空间站确保机组救援飞行器(ACRV)的独联体联盟号宇宙飞船的有关问题。美国航宇局要求所研究的一次性运载器要能将重约7400公斤的联盟号确保机组救援飞行器送至高190～240公里、倾角为28.5度的轨道。美国     

美国航宇局向各中心分派探测任务

美国航宇局6月5日公布了其10个下属现场中心将承担的“星座”探测计划下的工作．以落实布什总统提出的空间探索构想．在2020年前把美国宇航员送上月球．实现重返月球的目标。这些工作涉及“机组探测飞行器”（CEV）飞船及相关运载器和着陆器的研制．该局希望在8月底或9月初确定一家主承包商来设计和研制CEV飞船．并由其各现场中心提供大力支持．洛马公司正在同由诺格和波音公司组成的团队竞争这份合同．另外．美国航宇局近几个月来还启动了一系列的合同．以使工业界和各现场中心能开始研制“机组运载器”（CLV）火箭。该火箭大部分是一次性使用的．主级由现役航天飞机的固体火箭助推器衍生而来。     

美国航宇局签发可复用运载器研究合同

美国航宇局签发可复用运载器研究合同美国航宇局已与一些公司签订了１６项非盈利性的“合作协议”，以开发各种可重复使用运载器技术，从而揭开了下一代运载器研制工作的序幕。政府和工业界官员都希望最终研制出的这种新一代运载器将会大大降低成本，并使美国重塑其运载工...     

洛马公司赢得X－33合同

洛马公司赢得Ｘ－３３合同晓雨洛克希德·马丁公司已击败麦道公司和洛克韦尔公司／诺思鲁普·格鲁曼公司，被美国航宇局选定为该局Ｘ－３３试验性火箭的承包商。Ｘ－３３是设想中的实用型可复用运载器（ＲＬＶ）的试验飞行器。ＲＬＶ最终有可能要取代美国的现役航天飞机。...     

天地间,有我在往返——美私营企业大力发展可复用航天运载器

从５０年代末人类进入太空时代直到美国航天飞机问世，不管是发射载人飞船还是发射不载人航天器，每次航天发射都要用掉一枚火箭。即使是在今天，世界上也仅有美国航天飞机这一种航天运输工具是可重复使用的，而且它也只能部分重复使用。但在两名宇航员把哥伦比亚号航天飞机从太空驾驶回地面１８年后的今天，情况还是有了很大变化。随着技术的进步和需求的牵引，美国已出现多家搞新型可复用运载器项目的公司。他们提出的运载器方案所需的研制成本相差甚大，如旋转火箭公司的罗坦火箭方案为１５亿美元，洛马公司在美国航宇局Ｘ３３验证机…     

美国新型载人飞船的几种运载方案

今年5月2日,美国波音和洛马两大公司宣布要成立合资企业(拟命名为联合发射联盟公司)来生产其各自的德尔它4和宇宙神5运载火箭。尽管如此,眼下两家公司还是在分头研究基于这两种火箭的“机组探索飞行器”(C EV)运载方案,以帮助美国航宇局实现其2020年前重返月球的目标。美国空军     

美公司要研制“龙船”

美国空间探索技术公司称。它将研制一种可乘7人的低地轨道可重复使用飞船。并希望借此竞争美国航宇局目前由航天飞机承担的部分任务。称为“龙”的该飞船可说是阿波罗和联盟号飞船的混血儿，但能重复使用，将由该公司的“猎鹰”9火箭发射，已作为“商业轨道运输服务”（COTS）项目的竞标方案提交给美国航宇局。该局已为COTS项目拨出5亿美元款项，以鼓励私营公司填补从航天飞机退役到“机组探测飞行器”启用之间美在航天能力上的空白。估计有lO多家公司参与竞争，其中空间居室和太空开发两家公司已透露它们中标的消息，但航宇局并未公布哪些公司和共有多少家公司入围。     

X—33可复用运载器验证计划进展

９９６年７月，美国航宇局和洛马公司签订了一项可重复使用运载器技术验证协议。根据协议，洛马公司将研制一种可复用运载器技术验证飞行器，并进行飞行试验，以为研制和经营可完全重复使用的实用型运载器进行技术上的准备。该验证机代号为Ｘ３３，而最终要研制的实用型...     

X-33可复用运载器验证计划进展

1996年7月,美国航宇局和洛马公司签订了一项可重复使用运载器技术验证协议。根据协议,洛马公司将研制一种可复用运载器技术     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.     

美国高超声速技术飞行器

介绍了美国正在开展的猎鹰计划及该计划的目标、组成和各组成部分的任务目标。重点介绍了该计划下研制的高超声速技术飞行器(HTV)。此外,还对HTV所涉及的关键技术进行了总结。