Micromechanical gyroscope finite-element analysis

Mechanical analysis by method of finite-element analysis of the construction of two-component micromechanical gyroscope is explored. 3D geometric model and finite-element model of the gyroscope are made. Natural frequencies and mode shapes of the gyroscope are determined. Parameters ensuring resonance tuning are realized. The choice of the most appropriate variant of construction takes place by realizing of modal analysis and varing of sensor's geometry. Deformations of device construction elements determined at maximum of the measured velocity.     

An algorithm for calibrating the three-axis magnetometer

A three-step computational technique for calibrating the magnetometers is proposed based on the functional minimization by means of a discrete Newton algorithm. A comparative analysis reveals that the technique proposed allows us to correct the data necessary for determining the azimuth by the Earth’s magnetic field.     

Pointing grade fiber optic gyroscope

Fiber optic gyroscopes (FOG) are solid-state rotation sensors that are appropriate for a wide variety of applications. In addition to becoming competitive with ring laser gyroscopes on new programs, FOGs are being manufactured to replace spinning wheel gyro technology in existing programs. The FOG brings with it the advantages of long life, high reliability, input axis stability, and low acceleration sensitivity. The AlliedSignal pointing grade fiber gyroscope was designed to replace a high-performance mechanical gyroscope currently made by AlliedSignal. Detailed passive thermal design, gyro assembly techniques, methods for rejecting light source intensity noise, and light source wavelength control are critical features that have been developed to produce a FOG with low noise, stable bias, and a stable and linear scale factor. Results of performance tests and error models indicate that these gyros have a capability for random walk of 0.0002 degrees/≠ hour and bias stability of 0.001 degrees/hour     

Cavity element for resonant micro optical gyroscope

Significant strides have been made towards a feasible resonant micro optic gyro (RMOG). Uniquely crucial components have been developed. Experimental measurements, when coupled with theoretical analysis predicts that 1 degree/hour performance can be achieved. Three critical elements required for the successful development have been demonstrated. A high quality trench waveguide has been designed, fabricated and demonstrated to have losses as little as 0.1 dB/cm. The waveguide has been demonstrated to have gain in the 4.0 dB/cm range. Finally, a waveguide laser has been fabricated and has shown nearly enough power to adequately drive an RMOG. Analysis of the measured performance predicts that a 1 degree/hour RMOG can be constructed. The small size and projected ruggedness of the RMOG will be advantageous in high G applications. Other applications, such as man portable guidance systems, where weight and size are critical, may also benefit from RMOG technology     

基于弹体动力学信息的速率陀螺滤波

针对使用低精度惯性器件的战术制导武器中速率陀螺精度低、噪声大的问题,提出了一种基于弹体动力学信息降低陀螺噪声的方法.该方法通过将弹体姿态动力学方程与扩展卡尔曼滤波算法相结合来构建滤波器,并在飞行过程中利用导弹的先验特征信息和实测的执行机构信息来实时校正陀螺的测量值;然后从理论上证明了所建立非线性滤波系统是局部可观测和有效的.仿真结果表明,该滤波方法可以有效地抑制速率陀螺的测量误差.     

Interference torque of a three-floated gyroscope with gas-lubricated bearings subject to a sudden change of the specific force

A numerical study is carried out to investigate the influence of a sudden change of the specific force on a three-floated gyroscope with a rotor supported on gas-lubricated bearings.The interference torque is calculated to evaluate the influence by modeling the transient behavior of the rotor-bearing system. In combination with dynamic equations of the rotor displacement,the Reynolds equation is solved on the surface of spiral-grooved conical bearings. It is assumed that a steady state has been obtained with a constant specific force, and then the specific force is suddenly changed and maintained constant after that. Responses of the sudden change are obtained by solving the equations. Numerical results show that the direction of the sudden change of the specific force is the main factor which influences the interference torque curve. With a sudden change along the input direction, the interference torque fluctuation has a constant frequency and a decreasing amplitude. With a sudden change along the output direction, the interference torque fluctuates in a small range. With a sudden change along the spin direction, the change of the interference torque combines a fluctuation and a gradually-changing quasi-equilibrium value. This study provides a supplement to the steady-state error model of the three-floated gyroscope.     

Precise control of a magnetically suspended double-gimbal control moment gyroscope using differential geometry decoupling method

Precise control of a magnetically suspended double-gimbal control moment gyroscope (MSDGCMG) is of vital importance and challenge to the attitude positioning of spacecraft owing to its multivariable, nonlinear and strong coupled properties. This paper proposes a novel linearization and decoupling method based on differential geometry theory and combines it with the internal model controller (IMC) to guarantee the system robustness to the external disturbance and parameter uncertainty. Furthermore, by introducing the dynamic compensation for the inner-gimbal rate-servo system and the magnetically suspended rotor (MSR) system only, we can eliminate the influence of the unmodeled dynamics to the decoupling control accuracy as well as save costs and inhibit noises effectively. The simulation results verify the nice decoupling and robustness performance of the system using the proposed method.     

断开垂直陀螺的无人机纵向控制技术研究

为适应低成本、小型化无人机发展趋势,提出了断开垂直陀螺,仅采用角速率陀螺、GPS和大气机的简化配置控制思想,形成了基于高度控制的爬升、平飞、下滑纵向控制策略,设计了缺少俯仰角信号时的高度控制方案,并分析了控制方案的理论依据。利用某小型无人机进行了简化配置纵向控制律设计,分析了控制系统的频域特性和时域特性,对其控制性能进行了考察。通过与传感器完整配置下的常规控制律对比分析表明,对于纵向静稳定性较好的无人机,该简化配置控制策略是可行的。     

星敏感器低频误差与陀螺漂移离线校正方法

获取高精度事后姿态数据是提高遥感平台成像质量的必要条件之一,离线处理可有效降低敏感器测量误差,从而获得更高的姿态确定精度。基于滤波的校正方法中,星敏感器低频误差(LFE)与陀螺漂移将产生耦合影响导致校正精度低,本文针对该问题推导了耦合误差的数学模型,并设计了一种两步双向平滑事后处理算法,将陀螺漂移与低频误差分两步校正,通过反复滤波剥离陀螺漂移与低频误差。同时,针对低频误差参数收敛速度慢、噪声参数调节困难的问题,利用一种基于极大似然估计(MLE)的固定窗口自适应双向滤波算法进行处理以获得更好的噪声估计,提高了收敛速度和收敛精度。文中仿真工况下,离线姿态确定精度可达到0.8″(3σ),低频误差参数完全收敛时间不超过4个轨道周期。     

New generation of inertial clusters for standby instruments based on vibrating sensors

The robustness, reliability and low-cost of the Quapason present great advantages for a new type of application: integrated standby instruments used in military and commercial aircrafts. This paper deals with the specific requirements of these instruments and demonstrates the suitability of the Quapason for these applications where cheap sensors with good performance are essential.     

Friction moment analysis of space gyroscope bearing with ribbon cage under ultra-low oscillatory motion

This paper presents the model of calculating the total friction moment of space gyroscope ball bearings which usually work under ultra-low oscillatory motion and are very sensitive to the friction moment. The aim is to know the proportion of the friction moment caused by each frictional source in the bearing＇s total friction moment, which is helpful to optimize the bearing design to deduce the friction moment. In the model, the cage dynamic equations considering six degree-of-freedom and the balls dynamic equations considering two degree-of-freedom were solved.The good trends with different loads between the measured friction moments and computational results prove that the model under constant rate was validated. The computational results show that when the speed was set at 5 r/min, the bearing＇s maximum total friction moment when oscillation occurred was obviously larger than that occurred at a constant rate. At the onset of each oscillatory motion, the proportion of the friction moment caused by cage in the bearing＇s total friction moment was very high, and it increased with the increasing speed. The analyses of different cage thicknesses and different clearances between cage pocket and ball show that smaller thickness and clearance were preferred.     

Design Principles of MIMO Radar Detectors

This paper considers the problem of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radars employing space-time coding (STC) to achieve diversity. To this end, after briefly outlining the model of the received echo, a suitable detection structure is derived, and its performance is expressed in closed form as a function of the clutter statistical properties and of the space-time code matrix. Interestingly, this receiver requires prior knowledge of the clutter covariance, but the detection threshold is functionally independent thereof. At the transmitter design stage, we give two criteria for code construction: the first is based on the classical Chernoff bound, the second is an information-theoretic criterion. Interestingly, the two criteria lead to the same condition for code optimality, which in turn specializes, under the assumption of uncorrelated clutter and square code matrix, in some well-known full-rate space-time codes. A thorough performance assessment is also given, so as to establish the optimum achievable performance for MIMO radar systems.     

HDA中的工程方法学原则

HDA(Hierarchical Development Architecture, 层次开发框架)是一个AO(Agent Oriented,面向Agent)方法定制的框架,用户可以在此框架的基础上针对具体项目应用,开发出所需要的AO方法.描述了如何在方法工程学指导下,将现有AO方法中的元模型提取出来,在HDA中组合成一种适用的新方法.     

Principles of Invariance in Radiative Transfer

We have reviewed the principle of invariance, its applications and its usefulness for obtaining the radiation field in semi-infinite and finite atmospheres. Various laws of scattering in dispersive media and the consequent radiation field are studied. The H-functions and X- and Y-functions in semi-infinite and finite media respectively are derived in a few cases. The Discrete Space Theory (DST) which is a general form of the Principle of Invariance is described. The method of addition of layers with general properties, is shown to describe all the properties of multiple scattering. A few examples of the application of DST such as polarization, line formation in expanding stellar atmospheres, etc., and a numerical analysis of DST are presented. Other developments in the theory of radiative transfer are briefly described. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

ACARS原理分析

本文着重分析了 ACARS 工作原理,论证了调制体制的优越性,对微机控制下链信息发射的软件流程进行了模拟设计。     

Principles and Simulation of JTIDS Relative Navigation

The time-synchronous operation and high accuracy time-of arrival (TOA) measurement capability of Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) terminals makes possible a high performance relative nagivaton (RELNAV) function through addition of only software in the terminal's computer program. The principles of operation, the basic observation equations, and the system architecture for both absolute (geographic) and relative navigation are described. Sequential passive ranging by means of the TOA measurements, in conjunction with appropriate source selection logic and a recursive (e. g., Kalman) filter mechanization are employed to determine the user's position, velocity, and time bias. The filter algorithms and error sources, the software functional flow, and some simulation results are presented.     

解析质量问题归零的处理原则

对双五归零的内容、适用范围、评判准则进行了详细解读。     

Inverse simulation as a tool for flight dynamics research—Principles and applications

The technique of inverse simulation is finding application in many and varied fields. As the name implies this technique is used to calculate the control action required to achieve a specified system response. The field of aircraft flight dynamics is particularly suited to this form of simulation as the question of what control actions must the pilot (or automatic flight control system) take for the aircraft to fly along a particular trajectory (a landing approach, for example) is often asked. This paper looks specifically at the application of inverse simulation in flight dynamics. The aim is not only to give an overview of the various techniques and applications but also to provide guidance to potential users of the technique on several of the physical and numerical features often observed in the results. An extensive review of the methodologies used within the family of inverse simulations is presented followed by a formal treatment of the theoretical development of inverse simulation as an established technique. A case study involving the inverse simulation of a helicopter flying a slalom manoeuvre is presented to demonstrate the application of inverse simulation in a flight dynamics analysis. An important feature of the use of inverse simulation is that it is necessary to define the output response required—in the case of flight dynamics the required flight path has to be modelled. Some of the methods used are documented, and their validity discussed. The paper also gives an insight into the types of problem which can be addressed by inverse simulation by detailing some of the many applications to which it has been put in the past. These include studies of rotorcraft handling qualities, performance and design, and pilot modelling as well as model validation. An important element of this paper is the formal, theoretical analysis of some of the numerical and physical features exhibited by inverse simulation which should aid potential users to interpret their results. The work presented in this paper shows a clear evolution of inverse simulation from its initial days when the mathematical models used were relatively simple into a mature analytical technique able to incorporate state of the art mathematical models and be applied to real flight dynamics problems.     

质量管理原则在气动院的应用

ISO9000标准中的八项质量管理原则是进行质量管理的基础,在风洞实验中,只要将八项质量管理原则贯彻落实到质量管理的全过程,加强对风洞实验的过程控制,就能保证实验质量,提高经济效益,增强气动院的核心竞争力。     

电气工程图样绘制的基本原则

本文重点介绍系统图和方框图、电路图、接线图和接线表3部分绘制的基本原则和要求。附录中有些重要的参考文献和关键词。本文可以作为机电、电子专业教材的一部分,也可供教师和学生在学习和应用标准时作为参考。