论语境对翻译的影响

语境对于翻译有着重要的影响.语境可以分为语言因素和非语言因素.语言因素是指在翻译的过程中,词义的选择要依赖语篇上下文提供的信息;非语言因素说的是语篇内隐含的文化、社会和事件背景对翻译起着制约的作用.译者只有在对语境做出全面的分析后,才能找到较为妥善的翻译策略,创制出让人满意的译文.     

语境及其在翻译中的作用

语境即语言环境,包含一切有助于解读话语含义的要素.通过分析了言语语境、情景语境和文化语境在翻译中对原文理解和译文表达的影响,提出了翻译中加强语境意识,发挥语境功能的重要意义.     

文化差异对英文翻译的影响——《红楼梦》两个英译本的对比

主要从翻译与文化之间关系的角度出发,对《红楼梦》的两个英译本选取部分例子进行对比,分析在词义选定、亲属称谓、宗教文化等方面所折射出的文化差异以及传递出的不同文化信息,并且指出文化差异对翻译造成的影响,以及译者在翻译过程中所采取的不同处理方法。     

论会话含意的理解过程

根据会话语言特点，从关联理论角度，分析会话含意的理解过程，发现它实际上是听话者通过认知语境，将接收话语建立的新的假设进行关联、激活、选择、推理并获取会话含意的过程。对言语的理解离不开语境、语境制约着言语的选择和运用，二者密不可分。     

试析电影字幕限制因素及翻译策略

外语片是全球文化交流的先锋,字幕翻译决定了外语片的成败.探讨了在时空限制下,使用适当的翻译策略,避免因文化内涵不同导致的信息流失与信息超出,成功实现翻译中的文化转换,创造出观众欢迎的电影字幕文本.     

民航文本词汇特点与翻译选词策略——以DA 42 AFM为例

民航各类文献的翻译中,准确性是第一位的,特别是行业术语翻译,要求译员准确把握语境,甄别术语使用的具体领域,遵循一定标准和约定俗成的规范,用语准确地道。对于普通词汇,需要根据中文的行文习惯,正确搭配,才能有效避免翻译腔,使译文通顺易读。本文以《DA 42 NG飞机飞行手册》的翻译为例,选取对比一些例句的原译和改译,以阐释民航文本词汇的突出特点、翻译选词注意事项,以及词汇的翻译技巧策略。     

英汉礼貌准则差异与翻译

研究了西方语用学和社会学对礼貌的诠释及中国传统文化中礼貌的内涵，同时比较了英汉礼貌准则的差异。在此基础上，围绕英汉文化中冲突较大的4种礼貌用语(敬谦辞、称呼语、委婉语、称赞语)，结合汉译英翻译实例，探讨了汉英礼貌用语的翻译策略。     

成语译法的分类研究

成语是语言中的精华。在人类的语言交流中，成语往往是翻译的难点。为了提高成语的翻译水平，对成语的译法进行了分类的研究。指出了中西方文化对成语翻译的影响，提出应先区分中西方文化的相通或不同，并依据各种成语在内容、结构等方面的不同特点，分别运用死译、直译、活泽和意译等译法进行翻译。     

陆空通话语境中的语义选择

航空无线电陆空通话（以下简称通话）是一种言语活动，它是通过两方式多方进行的言语交际过程。通话不仅包含着言语交际的基本要素，而且包含着信息传输及其加工的复杂过程，信息的交流以语言为载体，语言的功能体现在与语境的联系中，语境决定着语义的选择。本文将通过分析通话中语境与语义的关系、语境对语义选择的作用和影响，探讨排除语境干扰、避免通话失误、确保信息交流准确通畅的途径。一、语义选择与语境的制约功能著名语言学家韩礼德（M.A.K.Halliday）的系统功能语言学理论中有一个基本观点：语言是一套系统，是由很多个子系统…     

英汉翻译中文化因素的影响

语言是整个文化的基础，语言的变化往往可以追溯到文化上的原因。翻译做为一种语言的艺术，在双语转换的过程中，必定受到文化因素的影响，本文从５个方面简略地阐述了汉英翻译中，原语及译语文化差异导致两种语言在语义及表达形式上的非对应，以及所需采取的补偿手段。     

有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计难点问题

有翼高超声速再入飞行器是近年来的研究热点,气动设计是飞行器设计的关键。为了更清楚地认识有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计的难点问题,对有翼高超声速再入飞行器的发展、优势及总体任务剖面进行了介绍,从5个方面详细介绍了该类飞行器气动设计的难点问题,包括多约束复杂面对称气动布局设计、高温真实气体效应对气动特性影响、天地差异与天地换算方法、反作用控制系统(RCS)喷流干扰对气动特性的影响以及气动数据不确定度等,简要阐明了这些难点问题对总体设计的重要性以及初步的解决思路,为有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计提供了一些参考。     

Simulation and Analysis of Crashworthiness of Fuel Tank for Helicopters

Crashworthiness requirement of fuel tanks is one of the important requirements in helicopter designs. The relations among the protection frame, textile layer and rubber layer of the fuel tank are introduced. Two appropriate FE models are established, one is for an uncovered helicopter fuel tank without protection frame, and the other is for fuel tank with protection frame. The dynamic responses of the two types of fuel tanks impinging on the ground with velocities of 17.3 m/s are numerically simulated for the purpose of analyzing energy-absorbing capabilities of the textile layer and protection frame. The feasibility of the current crashworthiness design of the fuel tank is examined though comparing the dynamic response behaviors of the two fuel tanks.     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

ν-gap度量及其在飞行控制律评估中的应用

 传统控制律评估方法主要用于单输入单输出（SISO）系统，且对模型参数摄动考虑不够全面,针对这些不足，研究了ν-gap度量方法。在介绍系统广义稳定裕度相关概念的基础上，给出了ν-gap度量的定义、特点和性质以及近似摄动模型的计算，提出ν-gap度量评估控制律的步骤。实例结果表明，该方法不仅克服了上述传统评估方法的缺陷，而且还有根据所求的各摄动影响情况忽略影响小的元素，以减少计算量及可以找到最坏情况下的参数摄动组合等优点。     

突破技术趋同，波音再现竞争优势

 波音公司面临着来自空客公司的巨大挑战,企业战略性创新才是公司成功的关键。为此波音公司的全部战略性研究集中在扩大产品的差异性上,体现在3个方面：电子化（e-Enabled）运营环境、整体复合材料机身部件的制造技术和支持波音787客机的全球协同环境（GCE）。     

临近空间飞行器测控与信息传输系统频段选择

 临近空间飞行器是高性能信息化武器平台,测控（TT&;C）与信息传输系统是其信息保障的核心,而选择合理、可行的频段是展开系统设计的前提和基础。频段选择影响到整个技术方案的制定,是一个需综合考虑、影响深远并具有战略意义的关键问题,从国际电联（ITU）国际标准、高速数传、接收信噪比（SNR）、“三抗”、超视距中继、黑障、雨衰以及设备研制成熟度8个方面全面、细致论证了近空间平台测控系统的频段选择问题,最终得出在视距链路中以Ka频段为宜,在超视距链路中以Ku/Ka双频段为宜的结论。     

基于弯曲激波压缩系统的高超声速进气道反设计研究进展

总结了近十年来弯曲激波压缩研究的主要成果。提出了弯曲激波压缩系统的新概念,即利用特殊设计的楔形弯曲压缩面或空间弯曲压缩面,产生一系列与前缘弱激波相互交汇或叠加的压缩波系,从而使前缘激波弯曲,形成特殊的弯曲激波,它与波后的等熵压缩波来共同完成对气流的压缩。在此基础上,实现了由给定出口气动参数的超声速内流道反设计,实现了由给定压缩面压力分布和给定压缩面马赫数分布要求的型面反设计,实现了由给定激波波面的压缩型面反设计。研究证明,弯曲压缩面-弯曲激波压缩系统具有良好的综合气动性能,为高性能高超声速进气系统的气动设计提供了一种全新的设计方法。     

Integrated Entry Guidance for Reusable Launch Vehicle

A method for the implementation of integrated three-degree-of-freedom constrained entry guidance for reusable launch vehicle is presented. Given any feasible entry conditions, terminal area energy management interface conditions, and the reference trajectory generated onboard then, the method can generate a longitudinal guidance profile rapidly, featuring linear quadratic regular method and a proportional-integral-derivative tracking law with time-varying gains, which satisfies all the entry corridor constraints and meets the requirements with high precision. Afterwards, by utilizing special features of crossrange parameter, establishing bank-reversal corridor, and determining bank-reversals according to dynamically adjusted method, the algorithm enables the lateral entry guidance system to fly a wide range of missions and provides reliable and good performance in the presence of significant aerodynamic modeling uncertainty. Fast trajectory guidance profiles and simulations with a reusable launch vehicle model for various missions and aerodynamic uncertain-ties are presented to demonstrate the capacity and reliability of this method.     

Experimental Study on Effects of Fuel Injection on Scramjet Combustor Performance

In order to investigate the effects of fuel injection distribution on the scramjet combustor performance, there are conducted three sets of test on a hydrocarbon fueled direct-connect scramjet test facility. The results of Test A, whose fuel injection is carried out with injectors located on the top-wall and the bottom-wall, show that the fuel injection with an appropriate close-front and centralized distribution would be of much help to optimize combustor performances. The results of Test B, whose fuel injection is performed at the optimal injection locations found in Test A, with a given equivalence ratio and different injection proportions for each injector, show that this injection mode is of little benefit to improve combustor performances. The results of Test C with a circumferential fuel injection distribution displaies the possibility of ameliorating combustor performance. By analyzing the effects of injection location parameters on combustor performances on the base of the data of Test C, it is clear that the injector location has strong coupled influences on combus- tor performances. In addition, an inner-force synthesis specific impulse is used to reduce the errors caused by the disturbance of fuel supply and working state of air heater while assessing combustor performances.     

(高)超声速流动试验技术及研究进展

近年来,与高速飞行器相关的(高)超声速流动受到了极大的关注。这类流动所具有的非定常性、强梯度和可压缩性对试验方法和风洞设计技术提出了挑战。超声速纳米示踪平面激光散射(NPLS)技术是由作者所在团队研发的非接触光学测试技术。它能够以较高的空间分辨率来揭示超声速三维流场的一个瞬态剖面的时间解析的流动结构。介绍了NPLS技术以及基于NPLS开发的密度场测量、雷诺应力测量和气动光学波前测量等方法,并回顾了这些技术在超声速边界层、超声速混合层、超声速压缩拐角、激波/边界层相互作用和光学头罩绕流等流动中的应用,清晰地再现了边界层、混合层、激波等典型流场结构及其时空演化特性。另外,为了模拟和研究高空大气条件下边界层自然转捩和超声速混合层的转捩特性,介绍了高超声速静风洞、超-超混合层风洞的设计技术以及层流化喷管的设计方法。