First results of PRECISE—Development of a MEMS-based monopropellant micro chemical propulsion system

PRECISE focuses on the research and development of a MEMS-based monopropellant micro chemical propulsion system for highly accurate attitude control of satellites. The availability of such propulsion systems forms the basis for defining new mission concepts such as formation flying and rendezvous manoeuvres. These concepts require propulsion systems for precise attitude and orbit control manoeuvrability. Application-oriented aspects are addressed by two end-users who are planning a formation flying mission for which the propulsion system is crucial. Basic research is conducted aiming at improving crucial MEMS technologies required for the propulsion system. Research and development also focuses on the efficiency and reliability of critical system components. System analysis tools are enhanced to complement the development stages. Finally, the propulsion system will be tested in a simulated space vacuum environment. These experiments will deliver data for the validation of the numerical models.     

太阳能热推进系统效率分析

太阳能热推进采用小分子量气体作为推进剂可以获取800～900 s高比冲,但提高推进系统的换热效率是目前亟待解决的问题.本研究建立了太阳能热推进系统主要部件的基本分析模型,在利用有限单元法进行热分析的基础上,对系统在多种工况下的相关参数进行了计算,分析了各部件主要参数对提高太阳能热推进系统热效率和推进效率的影响,得出了系统效率在不同工作状态下的变化规律,并提出了提高系统效率的措施.     

航天器动力管路热控设计与试验研究

针对某航天器动力系统管路布局分散造成系统温差大、控温难的问题,结合动力管路温度指标要求和边界环境条件,采用以被动热控措施为主、辅以电加热主动热控措施的设计方案。分析确立动力管路的热环境,建立换热模型;通过仿真分析和整器热平衡试验,选取不同工况,验证了动力系统氧化剂管路和燃烧剂管路温度均维持在8～20℃范围内的热控设计结果。该方案对各类航天器的动力管路热控设计和分析有一定的指导和借鉴作用。     

一种用于微纳卫星的丙烷微推进系统

介绍了一种应用于某微纳卫星的丙烷微推进系统,该推进系统利用换热模块,在不额外消耗星上电能的情况下实现"液-气"的可靠转化,利用自身的稳压模块和控制模块,系统可实现50 mN推力的快速精确控制。通过轻量化设计技术,系统总重仅2.5 kg。     

The Reliable and Intelligent Propulsion Pressurization System of the Long March 7 Launch Vehicle

The reliable and intelligent propulsion pressurization system is one of the key technologies of new Chinese generation launch vehicles; a high reliability design is an important guarantee for the success of launching. This paper analyzes the domestic and overseas liquid launch vehicles in the area of propulsion pressurization systems, based on comprehensive analysis, demonstrating the reliable and intelligent propulsion pressurization system of the Long March 7(Simplified as LM-7) has been raised. By applying a full chain redundancy design, setting proper pressure control bandwidth and control mode reconstruction under extreme fault conditions, the reliability and adaptability of the propulsion pressurization system has enhanced significantly. In addition, the complete system has been verified by the first two flights of LM-7.     

考虑高耗时约束的全电推进卫星多学科优化

为提高卫星系统整体性能与优化设计效率，本文采用多学科设计优化（MDO）方法进行全电推进卫星总体参数优化。主要考虑轨道转移、位置保持、空间环境、供配电、结构及质量六个学科，以整星质量最小为优化目标，考虑轨道转移时间等约束条件，建立了全电推进卫星MDO模型。提出一种基于增广拉格朗日乘子法的高效全局优化方法（ALM-EGO）以快速求解卫星MDO问题。标准数值算例对比研究表明，对于处理高耗时约束优化问题，ALM-EGO方法在全局收敛性与优化效率方面具有一定的优势。最后，采用ALM-EGO求解全电推进卫星MDO问题，优化后的全电推进卫星设计方案满足各类工程设计约束，实现整星减重161.09 kg，从而验证了本文所建立模型的合理性和ALM-EGO方法的有效性。     

吸气式电推进中的气体捕集系统的设计分析

针对吸气式电推进系统中的气体捕集系统,提出了一种能够准确计算气体捕集率的理论模型,并以此为基础开展了气体捕集系统的优化设计.首先,通过分析几类代表性气体捕集系统的捕集特点,提取了影响气体捕集率的关键参数.然后,通过分析进气道内气体分子的微观行为,推导得到了气体捕集率的理论公式,获得了无量纲管长、末端净透射率等关键参数对...     

On the problem of optimal control of the thrust value of the electric propulsion rocket with solar energy source

Under consideration is the optimal control problem on a spacecraft motion in Newtonian central gravity field. With the use of the mathematical model of electrojet propulsion device (EPD) with solar energy source, proposed earlier in paper [1], the dependence of the EPD working substance choice on both the duration of the given dynamic maneuver and the propellant expenditures for its fulfillment is investigated. The efficiency evaluation is carrying out of optimal control of variable valued thrust as well as that for relay mode thrust and relay mode thrust with optimal fixed thrust value.     

On the capabilities of nano electrokinetic thrusters for space propulsion

A theoretical analysis considering the capabilities of nano electrokinetic thrusters for space propulsion is presented. The work describes an electro-hydro-dynamic model of the electrokinetic flow in nano-channels and represents the first attempt to exploit the advantages of the electrokinetic effect as the basis for a new class of nano-scale thrusters suitable for space propulsion. Among such advantages are their small volume, fundamental simplicity, overall low mass, and actuation efficiency. Their electrokinetic efficiency is affected by the slip length, surface charge, pH and molarity. These design variables are analyzed and optimized for the highest electrokinetic performance inside nano-channels. The optimization is done for power consumption, thrust and specific impulse resulting in high theoretical efficiency ∼99% with corresponding high thrust-to-power ratios. Performance curves are obtained for the electrokinetic design variables showing that high molarity electrolytes lead to high thrust and specific impulse values, whereas low molarities provide highest thrust-to-power ratios and efficiencies. A theoretically designed 100 nm wide by 1 μm long emitter optimized using the ideal performance charts developed would deliver thrusts from 5 to 43 μN, specific impulse from 60 to 210 s, and would have power consumption between 1–15 mW. It should be noted that although this is a detail analytical analysis no prototypes exist and any future experimental work will face challenges that could affect the final performance. By designing an array composed of thousands of these single electrokinetic emitters, it would result in a flexible and scalable propulsion system capable of providing a wide range of thrust control for different mission scenarios and maintaining very high efficiencies and thrust-to-power ratio by varying the number of emitters in use at any one time.     

小推力推进系统起动过程的分析

本文对小推力推进系统各部件建立了数学模型，并对此系统进行了数值计算。计算结果表明，在燃烧时滞较大时，该系统响应较慢，发动机参数的超调量较大，达到稳态所需的时间较长；轨控发动机与姿控发动机共用同一个供应系统时，姿控发动机受燃烧时滞的影响更大。减小燃烧时滞有利于提高发动机在起动过程的响应能力和稳定性。在起动阶段，高室压推进系统比低室压推进系统响应快，高室压轨控发动机的参数能较快地稳定下来，但其超调量较大；高室压姿控发动机虽然响应快，但其超调量大，达到稳态所需的时间长于低室压姿控发动机。本文所得结论为提高小推力推进系统在起动过程的响应能力提供了参考。     

组合动力运载器上升段轨迹智能优化方法

针对组合动力水平起飞可重复使用运载器，开展了上升段轨迹优化模型设计与轨迹优化方法研究。首先，针对跨大空/速域飞行须采用多种动力形式协调工作这一问题，考虑动力/气动/轨迹/指标间的复杂耦合关系，建立了运载器动力和气动模型。其次，为降低轨迹优化问题的求解难度，设计了一种全新的飞行剖面，实现了关键优化参数的提取和攻角约束的自动满足，减少了优化算法需要处理的约束数量。然后，提出了一种改进的粒子群优化(PSO)算法完成求解；在收敛性分析的基础上，引入强化学习机制对PSO寻优过程进行自主智能控制，从本质上提升了PSO算法的求解效率。最后通过数学仿真验证了方法的正确性和有效性。     

弹道变轨对冲压动力反舰导弹的影响

反舰导弹防御技术的发展使反舰导弹已面临新的挑战,迫切需要通过隐身技术、变轨技术、电磁对抗和超声速飞行等技术来提高突防和打击效能,而变轨技术和超声速飞行直接与冲压动力装置相关。在论述变轨技术的基础上对冲压动力约束问题进行了对比分析,讨论了不同参数的影响和动力装置的限制因素。     

How we will go to Mars

This article studies the efficiency of ejecting waste generated by the life support system (LSS) of a manned spacecraft to reduce initial mass on low earth orbit. The spacecraft is used for a long-duration interplanetary mission and is equipped with either a chemical or a nuclear-thermal propulsion system. For this study we simulate an optimal control problem for a given spacecraft maneuver. An impulsive approximation of the optimal interplanetary spacecraft trajectory is assumed, which allows us to reduce the general optimal control problem to hierarchic structure of 'outer' and 'inner' subproblems. This structure is analyzed using the Pontryagin's Maximum principle. Numerical results, illustrating the efficiency of waste ejection are shown for typical Earth-Mars transfer trajectories. This results confirm in theory that using a waste ejection system makes an early manned Mars mission possible without having to design and build new, advanced biological LSS.     

美国AEHF军事通信卫星推进系统及其在首发星上的应用

美国先进极高频（AEHF）项目将采用4颗运行于地球同步轨道（GEO）的AE—HF军事通信卫星。AEHF卫星的推进系统由远地点发动机、姿态控制发动机组和双模式霍尔电推进子系统组成。首发星AEHF-1是世界上首个采用霍尔电推进系统执行发射后轨道提升任夯的GEO卫星。AEHF-1卫星星箭分离后,远地点发动机未能正常工作,因此...     

面向平行系统的飞行器航迹仿真模型架构设计

面向平行系统运行需求,对飞行器航迹计算的积分、抽象计算、数学模型等进行建模和架构设计,实现了航迹计算过程中数据与算法的分离,并采用继承和指针注册机制完成与航迹计算相关的数据统一化分层管理,通过对飞行器状态转移模型的设计实现了飞行器不同状态或阶段之间航迹的顺利衔接,能够实现多状态并行转移和执行,以抵消平行系统不确定性和随机性的影响,为平行系统运行提供灵活、高效的仿真模型。     

卫星推进系统检漏多余物控制分析

卫星推进系统每个检漏阶段均需要充入气体进行检漏,充气过程是推进系统内部多余物控制的重点。文章梳理了卫星推进系统检漏充气过程多余物控制的要素,通过大量基础试验得到了详细的试验数据,在此基础上分析多余物控制的各个环节,总结出具有针对性的多余物控制方法。该研究可以广泛应用于各类航天器推进系统的多余物控制。     

推进系统并联贮箱均衡排放性能及其控制措施

推进系统在工作过程中,贮箱排放的不均衡性将引起飞行器质心偏移,产生干扰力矩。对空间推进系统并联工作的金属膜片贮箱均衡排放的影响因素进行了分析,结合均衡排放的控制措施对某型号推进系统工作过程中的排放不均衡量进行了预计,并与飞行试验结果进行了比对。飞行试验结果表明控制措施可行、有效。     

Fluid mechanics of pulse detonation thrusters

The advantages of constant volume combustion cycle as compared to constant pressure combustion in terms of thermodynamic efficiency have focused the researches of advanced propulsion on detonation engines. The paper gives coverage of efforts undertaken during past decades in adjusting detonations for propulsion applications, and highlights new challenges in studying fluid flow dynamics relevant to onset of detonation.     

国外深空探测推进技术发展及启示

推进系统为探测器的飞行提供所需的控制力和控制力矩,一定程度上决定了探测器的规模、最远飞行距离,乃至任务的成败,是探测器的重要分系统之一。为满足不同的深空探测任务需求,国外发展了多种形式的推进技术,但总体上仍以化学推进为主,部分采用了电推进系统,并在发展高性能低温推进技术等。对国外典型探测器推进系统进行了叙述,分析了其技术特点和发展趋势,并分别针对无人探测和载人探测应用探讨了对我国开展深空探测推进技术研究的启示。     

离子推力器栅极放电分析和保护设计

离子推力器的栅极结构复杂、电压高,两栅之间容易发生放电,给离子电推进正常工作带来影响,文章提出推力器加工工艺和过程污染物是产生放电的主要原因。分析国内外离子电推进系统放电现象,建议采用放电保护设计,以有效保护电推进系统及卫星的正常工作。文章以电源处理单元为主,给出了针对离子推力器栅极放电的保护设计和系统控制保护措施。