Sensitivity Functions for Linear Discrete Systems with Applications

z-transform techniques are employed to establish general symmetry and simultaneity properties of the first sensitivity functions of the phase-canonical form of single-input, nth-order, linear, constant, discrete-time, controllable systems. It is demonstrated that computation of the first sensitivity function requires one nth-order model in addition to the system model. This simultaneity property is extended to arbitrary single-input, nth-order, linear, constant, discrete systems. In complete analogy with results presented for continuous systems, symmetry and simultaneity properties may be established for the computation of the /th sensitivity function begin{equation*}^{l}beta^{y} triangleq frac{partial^{l}y_{i}}{partialalpha_{Jl}partialalpha_{Jl-1}cdotspartialalpha_{J2}partialalpha_{J1}}|_{alpha=alpha_{0}} {rm for} substack{i = 1,2,ldots,n\ J_{k} = 1,2,ldots,n\ k = 1,2,ldots,l.}end{equation*} Extension of these results to multi-input systems is also mentioned. The usefulness of the simultaneity property is illustrated by applying the results to the design of a low-sensitivity optimal control law.     

A Semicoherent Detection and Doppler Estimation Statistic

Consider a uniform train of M coherent short pulses transmitted by a radar and received with a Doppler shift. When thermal noise is present, let the mth sample of the return at the video be represented by the complex process Zm. A novel detection and Doppler estimation criterion is analyzed which depends on the semicoherent statistic begin{equation*}{Z_{K}}^prime = sum_{m=k+1}^{M} {^{z}m^{z}m-k}^{ *}end{equation*} where the asterisk stands for complex conjugate. Its characteristics are also studied when the real and imaginary parts of Zm are digitized to one bit.     

The Effect of Satellite Spin on Two-Way Doppler Rangerate Measurements

The rotation of a spin-stabilized satellite employing a turnstile antenna for reception and retransmission affects two-way Doppler range-rate measurements. Two different types of tracking systems are considered and, in both systems, the range-rate measurement is changed by the amount begin{equation*} |Delta dot{r}| = frac{|1 pm 1/k|}{2} lambda_{t}f_{s} end{equation*} where k is the turn-around ratio of the satellite transponder, Xt is the wavelength of the ground-based transmitter, and fs is the spin rate of the satellite. The positive sign is used if the turnstile antenna elements are connected to give the same polarization for both reception and transmission. If the antenna connections result in different polarizations, the minus sign is used and the magnitude of the effect is reduced.     

The Least-Square Approximation of Inertial Platform Drift

The drift angle of an inertial platform which is gyro-stabilized with respect to inertial space is equal to the integral of the gyro drift rate. Under controlled laboratory environment the drift angle, denoted by y, may be measured and plotted against time in an interval [0, T]. Without loss in generality, one may take y(0)= 0. A straight line yf can be found, such that the quantity E2 is minimized, where begin{equation*}E^2 = {frac{1}{T}int^{T}_{0}(y-y_f)^{2}}dt.end{equation*} The equation for yf is of the form yf = at + b and, in general, both a and b are nonzero. It is desirable to determine a statistical relationship between the gyro drift rate and the expected value of the minimum E2 for any given interval T. An analysis in this paper determines this relationship and derives a general expression for , where the symbol <*> denotes statistical expectation. It is found that increases linearly with the variance of the gyro drift rate. This general formula is then developed in detail for the case of a first-order Markovian gyro drift. is evaluated numerically and its square root plotted vs. the interval T and the gyro correlation time. The same problem is also solved for the case when yf is constrained to intersect the origin, i.e., when b=0.     

Real-Time Motion Desmearing of Airborne Imagery

This paper considers the real-time ?desmearing? of motion- ?smeared? imagery telemetered from an airborne platform. The specific configuration considered is the direct raster scan readout of a satellite-mounted vidicon. Three types of smearing are considered: 1) linear uniform smearing, 2) linear nonuniform smearing, and 3) nonlinear smearing. The simplest type of smearing, linear uniform, has as its desmearing or inverse filter a circulating delay line (CDL) cascaded with a differentiator. An error analysis of this filter is presented along with an experimental simulation. Linear, non-uniform smearing characterized by the operator begin{equation*}int^{t}_{t-delta(t)}I(tau){ }{dtau}end{equation*} is considered next. Two possible realizations for the inverse filter are discussed as to accuracy and practicality. Finally, an error analysis is performed for the nonlinear smearing that results from a skewing of the raster scan.     

用逐步扩阶双递推时域法识别线性振动系统复模态参数

本文给出了从线性振动系统的自由响应识别该系统复模态参数的方法,把自由响应的表达式变为一个自回归方程和一个多项式方程,利用最小二乘递推与逐步扩阶递推的双递推法来进行参数识别。文中讨论了几个应用中的问题,并给出了计算机的模拟计算结果以及越野汽车车架的参数识别试验结果。     

复合Halpern迭代逼近可数个增生映像的公共零点

设E是严格凸和自反的实Banach空间且其范数是一致Gateaux可微的,K是E中非空闭凸子集,Ai：K→E（i∈N）是m-增生映像且公共不动点集非空,u∈K是给定点,X1∈K是任一初始点,{αn}^∞ n=1、{β}^∞ n=1是[0,1]中的实数列且满足如下条件：（i）lim n→∞αn=0,∑^∞ n=1 αn=∞,∑^∞ n=1｜αn＋1－αn｜〈∞;（ii）lim n→∞βn=0,∑^∞ n=1｜βn＋1－βn｜〈∞。设{Xn}^∞ n=1是由下面复合Halpern格式定义的迭代序列：{yn=βnXn＋（1-βn）SXn,n≥0 Xn＋1=αnu＋（1-αn）yn其中S=∑∞ i=1ξiJAi,JAi=（1＋Ai）^-1（i∈N）,那么{Xn}∞ n=1强收敛于{Ai}i∈N的公共0点。本文的结果改进和推广了Zegeye和Shahzad,Ofoedu以及其他作者的相应结果。     

Stochastic Dynamic System Suboptimal Control with Uncertain Parameters

The control of a linear system with random coefficients is studied here. The cost function is of a quadratic form and the random coefficients are assumed to be partially observable by the controller. By means of the stochastic Bellman equation, the optimal control of stochastic dynamic models with partially observable coefficients is derived. The optimal control is shown to be a linear function of the observable states and a nonlinear function of random parameters. The theory is applied to an optimal control design of an aircraft landing in wind gust.     

复合Halpern迭代逼近一族m-增生映像公共零点

在严格凸的Banach空间E中,介绍了一种新的复合迭代方法强收敛到一族m-增生映像公共零点。K是E中非空闭凸子集,假定E的每个非空闭凸子集上的非扩张映像都存在不动点,Ai：K→E（i=1,2,…,r）是一族m-增生映像,{xn}是由复合Halpem格式定义的迭代序列,证明了当n→∞时,{xn}强收敛于方程Aix=0（i=1,2,…,r）的公共解,改进和推广了Zegeye和Shahzad等人的相应结果。     

镍基单晶合金涡轮叶片榫头裂纹尖端应力场及扩展趋势

采用率相关晶体滑移有限元程序,考虑单晶材料晶体取向的影响,对镍基单晶合金涡轮叶片榫头裂纹特性进行有限元分析.分别计算了榫头裂纹在各向同性条件以及{001},{011},{111}三种不同晶体取向下裂纹尖端的Mises应力分布,并判断了裂纹的扩展趋势.结果表明:镍基单晶合金涡轮叶片在{001}[110],{011}[110],{111}[110]取向下的裂纹尖端均存在着明显的应力集中和较大的应力梯度,应力的最大值存在于裂纹尖端;{001},{011},{111}三种不同晶体取向的裂纹尖端的扩展开裂角分别为45°,54.7°,90°,说明镍基单晶合金涡轮叶片的裂纹扩展趋势受晶体取向的影响较大.      

Signal Sequence Detection Given Noisy, Common Background Image Sets

The optimum processing (likelihood functional) is found for a set of M images {Zm = Sm + Y + Nm}, each the sum of a member Sm of a signal sequence {Sm}, due to an object to be detected and its parameters estimated, a sample function Nm of a noise field {Nm}, and a sample function Y of a common background field {Y}. The noise fields {{Nm}} are independent, zero mean, white Gaussian fields, all independent of the background field {Y}; the latter is assumed to be either 1} completely unknown or of known mean and covariance functions with 2) a certain fluctuation property or 3) Gaussian. Three equivalent forms of the optimum processing are found: 1) a summation of generalized matched filterings of the images, 2) a summation of matched filtering of certain generalized differences of the images, 3) a summation of ?estimator-correlator? type filterings. The detection performance and optimum signal/image selection under the Neyman-Pearson criterion is given and the singularity of the ({{Nm = O}} and M > 1) case noted. It is shown that optimum processor and signal design can completely eliminate any effect of the background on detectability (M > 1). The Cramer-Rao lower bound for the signal parameter estimates meansquare error is given along with an example; optimum signal/image selection in the single parameter case is discussed.     

Electron coronal density irregularity\overline {n^2 } /(\bar n)^2 from measurements of K-coronal and lyman lines brightnesses

We propose a technique to derive the coronal density irregularity factor , wheren is the electron density. The absolute photometric comparison between the intensity of UV lines and the white-light K-coronal polarized brightness (pB) provides an unique constraint on the inhomogeneity of the corona. The ratio of the measured H I Lyman (Ly-) line intensity to the resonant-scattering dominated H I Lyman (Ly-) intensity can be used to extract the collisonal component of the Ly-. This component yields an estimate of . The quantity is then obtained from white-light K-coronal measurements. The use of lines of the same atomic species minimizes the effects due to outflow velocities (i.e., Doppler dimming), and reduces the errors introduced by the uncertainties in the ionization balance, the atomic parameters, and the solar abundances. The UVCS/SOHO unique capability of performing cotemporal and cospatial measurements of the Ly- and Ly- lines, and ofpB makes this instrument ideal for implementing this technique.     

Seismic Coupling of Short-Period Wind Noise Through Mars’ Regolith for NASA’s InSight Lander

NASA’s InSight lander will deploy a tripod-mounted seismometer package onto the surface of Mars in late 2018. Mars is expected to have lower seismic activity than the Earth, so minimisation of environmental seismic noise will be critical for maximising observations of seismicity and scientific return from the mission. Therefore, the seismometers will be protected by a Wind and Thermal Shield (WTS), also mounted on a tripod. Nevertheless, wind impinging on the WTS will cause vibration noise, which will be transmitted to the seismometers through the regolith (soil). Here we use a 1:1-scale model of the seismometer and WTS, combined with field testing at two analogue sites in Iceland, to determine the transfer coefficient between the two tripods and quantify the proportion of WTS vibration noise transmitted through the regolith to the seismometers. The analogue sites had median grain sizes in the range 0.3–1.0 mm, surface densities of \(1.3\mbox{--}1.8~\mbox{g}\,\mbox{cm}^{-3}\), and an effective regolith Young’s modulus of \(2.5^{+1.9}_{-1.4}~\mbox{MPa}\). At a seismic frequency of 5 Hz the measured transfer coefficients had values of 0.02–0.04 for the vertical component and 0.01–0.02 for the horizontal component. These values are 3–6 times lower than predicted by elastic theory and imply that at short periods the regolith displays significant anelastic behaviour. This will result in reduced short-period wind noise and increased signal-to-noise. We predict the noise induced by turbulent aerodynamic lift on the WTS at 5 Hz to be \(\sim2\times10^{-10}~\mbox{ms}^{-2}\,\mbox{Hz}^{-1/2}\) with a factor of 10 uncertainty. This is at least an order of magnitude lower than the InSight short-period seismometer noise floor of \(10^{-8}~\mbox{ms}^{-2}\,\mbox{Hz}^{-1/2}\).     

有初始横流的冲击壁面强化的换热特性实验研究

对初始横流的冲击壁面强化的换热特性进行了实验研究。实验的参数范围：Ｒｅｊ＝５０００－２００００，Ｚｎ＝１－３，Ｇｃ／Ｇｊ＝１－１．３。实验表明：随着初始横流的增加（Ｇｃ／Ｇｊ的增大），将改善冲击粗糙肋靶面的换热特性；Ｚｎ的变化对换热有着明显的影响，存在一个最佳值；实验结果还表明冲击孔与粗糙肋相对位置对换热有影响。     

The OSIRIS-REx Thermal Emission Spectrometer (OTES) Instrument

The OSIRIS-REx Thermal Emission Spectrometer (OTES) will provide remote measurements of mineralogy and thermophysical properties of Bennu to map its surface, help select the OSIRIS-REx sampling site, and investigate the Yarkovsky effect. OTES is a Fourier Transform spectrometer covering the spectral range 5.71–100 μm (\(1750\mbox{--}100~\mbox{cm}^{-1}\)) with a spectral sample interval of \(8.66~\mbox{cm}^{-1}\) and a 6.5-mrad field of view. The OTES telescope is a 15.2-cm diameter Cassegrain telescope that feeds a flat-plate Michelson moving mirror mounted on a linear voice-coil motor assembly. A single uncooled deuterated l-alanine doped triglycine sulfate (DLATGS) pyroelectric detector is used to sample the interferogram every two seconds. Redundant ～0.855 μm laser diodes are used in a metrology interferometer to provide precise moving mirror control and IR sampling at 772 Hz. The beamsplitter is a 38-mm diameter, 1-mm thick chemical vapor deposited diamond with an antireflection microstructure to minimize surface reflection. An internal calibration cone blackbody target provides radiometric calibration. The radiometric precision in a single spectrum is \(\leq2.2 \times 10^{-8}~\mbox{W}\,\mbox{cm}^{-2}\,\mbox{sr} ^{-1}/\mbox{cm}^{-1}\) between 300 and \(1350~\mbox{cm}^{-1}\). The absolute integrated radiance error is \(<1\%\) for scene temperatures ranging from 150 to 380 K. The overall OTES envelope size is \(37.5 \times 28.9 \times 52.2~\mbox{cm}\), and the mass is 6.27 kg. The power consumption is 10.8 W average. OTES was developed by Arizona State University with Moog Broad Reach developing the electronics. OTES was integrated, tested, and radiometrically calibrated on the Arizona State University campus in Tempe, AZ.     

2198铝锂合金后续热处理制度及对织构影响的研究

通过力学性能和组织观察研究了2198新型铝锂合金的后续固溶时效热处理制度,并通过XRD衍射仪对原始板材和热处理之后的板材进行织构测算。对比分析表明：2198铝锂合金最佳固溶制度选为500℃×1 h小时,最佳时效制度定为175℃×20小时。经过重新固溶时效后,材料组织形貌、力学性能基本保持不变而延伸率变化小于3%。原始板材织构主要存在着较强的{-110}〈-1-12〉组分以及{001}〈0-10〉,{-3311}〈-1-10〉和{-5512}〈3-95〉组分,但经过重新固溶时效之后,主要织构变为{-110}〈-1-12〉,{-3313}〈-1-10〉和{-112}〈1-11〉组分,呈明显弱化趋势。从而改善此合金趋于各向同性条件下的抗疲劳性能与耐蚀性能。     

Cometary Deuterium

Deuterium fractionations in cometary ices provide important clues to the origin and evolution of comets. Mass spectrometers aboard spaceprobe Giotto revealed the first accurate D/H ratios in the water of Comet 1P/Halley. Ground-based observations of HDO in Comets C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) and C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp), the detection of DCN in Comet Hale-Bopp, and upper limits for several other D-bearing molecules complement our limited sample of D/H measurements. On the basis of this data set all Oort cloud comets seem to exhibit a similar ratio in H₂O, enriched by about a factor of two relative to terrestrial water and approximately one order of magnitude relative to the protosolar value. Oort cloud comets, and by inference also classical short-period comets derived from the Kuiper Belt cannot be the only source for the Earth's oceans. The cometary O/C ratio and dynamical reasons make it difficult to defend an early influx of icy planetesimals from the Jupiter zone to the early Earth. D/H measurements of OH groups in phyllosilicate rich meteorites suggest a mixture of cometary water and water adsorbed from the nebula by the rocky grains that formed the bulk of the Earth may be responsible for the terrestrial D/H. The D/H ratio in cometary HCN is 7 times higher than the value in cometary H₂O. Species-dependent D-fractionations occur at low temperatures and low gas densities via ion-molecule or grain-surface reactions and cannot be explained by a pure solar nebula chemistry. It is plausible that cometary volatiles preserved the interstellar D fractionation. The observed D abundances set a lower limit to the formation temperature of (30 ± 10) K. Similar numbers can be derived from the ortho-to-para ratio in cometary water, from the absence of neon in cometary ices and the presence of S₂. Noble gases on Earth and Mars, and the relative abundance of cometary hydrocarbons place the comet formation temperature near 50 K. So far all cometary D/H measurements refer to bulk compositions, and it is conceivable that significant departures from the mean value could occur at the grain-size level. Strong isotope effects as a result of coma chemistry can be excluded for molecules H₂O and HCN. A comparison of the cometary ratio with values found in the atmospheres of the outer planets is consistent with the long-held idea that the gas planets formed around icy cores with a high cometary D/H ratio and subsequently accumulated significant amounts of H₂ from the solar nebula with a low protosolar D/H. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

An Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Some Martian Regolith Simulants with Respect to the Surface Properties at the InSight Mission Landing Site

In support of the InSight mission in which two instruments (the SEIS seismometer and the \(\mbox{HP}^{3}\) heat flow probe) will interact directly with the regolith on the surface of Mars, a series of mechanical tests were conducted on three different regolith simulants to better understand the observations of the physical and mechanical parameters that will be derived from InSight. The mechanical data obtained were also compared to data on terrestrial sands. The density of the regolith strongly influences its mechanical properties, as determined from the data on terrestrial sands. The elastoplastic compression volume changes were investigated through oedometer tests that also provided estimates of possible changes in density with depth. The results of direct shear tests provided values of friction angles that were compared with that of a terrestrial sand, and an extrapolation to lower density provided a friction angle compatible with that estimated from previous observations on the surface of Mars. The importance of the contracting/dilating shear volume changes of sands on the dynamic penetration of the mole was determined, with penetration facilitated by the \(\sim1.3~\mbox{Mg/m}^{3}\) density estimated at the landing site. Seismic velocities, measured by means of piezoelectric bender elements in triaxial specimens submitted to various isotropic confining stresses, show the importance of the confining stress, with lesser influence of density changes under compression. A power law relation of velocity as a function of confining stress with an exponent of 0.3 was identified from the tests, allowing an estimate of the surface seismic velocity of 150 m/s. The effect on the seismic velocity of a 10% proportion of rock in the regolith was also studied. These data will be compared with in situ data measured by InSight after landing.     

随机运动目标区域持续探测概率的近似模型

研究了随机运动目标区域持续探测的探测概率描述和计算问题。定义了探测函数及目标存在和探测不成功的联合概率密度函数,推导了基于速度分布密度的搜索方程和基于特征迹线的方程的解。鉴于在搜索理论应用中难以获得时变的速度分布,以及搜索方程精确解的复杂性,提出了基于初始速度分布密度的对随机恒速运动目标的一个近似的搜索方程,给出了探测概率的解,并以直升机吊放声纳的一次探测过程,进行了算例仿真。     

Thermodynamic transport properties in dense stars

The thermodynamic transport properties of special relativistic imperfect fluids, as found in dense stars, are investigated. These properties, which include thermal. and electrical conductivities, electrothermal coefficients, and bulk and shear viscosities may be formulated in terms of the momentum distribution functions obtained from the solution of the Boltzmann transport equation. Spherical harmonic solutions of the relaxation form of the relativistic magnetic Boltzmann transport equation have also been obtained which give the non-equilibrium momentum distribution function perturbation f-f⁽⁰⁾ = f(p) in terms of electromagnetic and thermal fields.