Accuracy of angle estimation with monopulse processing using twobeams

Expressions are provided for the accuracy of monopulse angle estimation using two beams. It is shown that, if the signal angle is halfway between the angles of the beams, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for monopulse processing is almost as small as the CRLB obtained if the entire array of sensors is used. The monopulse CRLB is considerably poorer if the angle of the signal is equal to that of one of the two beams. The expressions in this correspondence are for a uniformly weighted linear array of M equally spaced sensors, for which N⩾M beams are formed     

螺旋天线几何尺寸的优化设计

本文首先导出了螺旋天线输入阻抗的计算公式。然后，在使天线输入阻抗满足技术要求的条件下，对螺旋天线的几何尺寸进行了优化设计。     

基于角度分集的机载超宽带MIMO天线设计

为了提高机载通信设备信道容量和进一步减小天线安装空间,提出一种采用角度分集技术的超宽带（UWB）多输入多输出（MIMO）天线。该天线将Vivaldi天线和超宽带槽天线进行了集成设计,无需采用解耦结构便可获得较高的端口隔离度,大大提高了数据传输率。通过在Vivaldi天线辐射臂上开一对方形缝隙和在介质板背面增加长方形辐射贴片,可以有效减小天线的尺寸,设计的UWB-MIMO天线尺寸为36 mm×36 mm×0.8 mm。给出了天线的设计流程,加工了天线实物,并对其进行了测量。仿真和实测结果表明MIMO天线具有超宽的阻抗带宽,可以覆盖整个3.1~10.6 GHz超宽带频段。Vivaldi天线阻抗带宽为2.8~15.9 GHz,UWB槽天线阻抗带宽为1.8~12.7 GHz,天线端口隔离度均在-10 dB以下。测量了天线的辐射性能和增益特性,实测结果与仿真结果吻合较好,证明了该天线的有效性。该天线可以应用于超宽带无线通信系统和机载阵列天线系统中。     

The radiant angle of GPS satellite antenna affecting the appliedaltitude of GPS in a space vehicle

In this paper, the advantages and development of GPS applied in a space vehicle are introduced first. Then, the software employed to calculate the applied altitude of GPS in a space vehicle is explained. The detailed software flowchart is also given, and the process of choosing used GPS satellites is described in detail. In order to study the receiving condition in a space vehicle, we also make a simulating calculation with our software. The results of receiving GPS satellites over a certain place are given. The paper has not only the value for using GPS in a space vehicle, but also the significance for an aircraft whose navigation system is GPS     

Adaptive digital beamforming for angle estimation in jamming

A radar digital beamforming (DBF) architecture and processing algorithm is described for nulling the signal from a mainlobe electronic jammer and multiple sidelobe electronic jammers while maintaining monopulse angle estimation accuracy on the target. The architecture consists of a sidelobe jamming (SLJ) cancelling adaptive array (AA) followed by a mainlobe jamming (MLJ) canceller. A mainlobe maintenance (MLM) technique or constrained adaptation during the sidelobe cancellation process is imposed so that the results of the SLJ cancellation process do not distort the subsequent mainlobe cancellation process. The SLJ signals and the MLJ signals are thus cancelled sequentially in separate processes. This technique was developed for improving radar processing in determining the angular location of a target, and specifically for improving the monopulse technique by maintaining the accuracy of the target echo monopulse ratio in the presence of electronic jamming by adaptive suppression of the jamming signals before forming the monopulse sum and difference beams     

基于改进卡尔曼滤波算法的行人航向角估计

基于惯性导航的行人航位推算是一种针对未知环境行人定位的常用方法,然而传感器自身的惯性漂移、噪声特性不确定、动力学模型不准确等因素,会导致航位推算时行人航向角估计精度不高的问题,从而造成行人定位精度的降低。针对上述问题,提出了一种多渐消因子强跟踪H_∞平方根容积卡尔曼滤波(MSTHSCKF)融合算法。其中H_∞思想保证在极端噪声下最小化误差,增强系统鲁棒性,多渐消因子能够避免系统在模型不确定情况下精度的降低,平方根思想确保了协方差矩阵的对称性和半正定性。实验结果表明,与现有滤波算法相比,MSTHSCKF估计的行人航向角具有更高的精度、稳定性和鲁棒性,能够确保更高的行人定位精度。     

Basic investigations on an angle measurement system using a laser

A novel, precise angle gauge is proposed. Incoming laser light is fed to the system through two separate condensing lenses. The phase difference between two rays is compensated by a phase modulator to hold a constant interference condition. The angle of the incoming light is measured by the modulation voltage. In comparison with conventional angle gauges, its advantages are high measurement accuracy, simple structure, and compatibility to feedback control systems. Because of these advantages, the angle gauge is suitable for navigation using angular information. Some examples of possible applications are provided. The experimental system was formed to be compatible with practical conditions and performance were verified experimentally. It is shown that an angle resolution less than 1×10^-7 rd can be expected     

Large angle pitch attitude maneuver of a satellite using solarradiation pressure

The force exerted by the solar radiation, though very small in magnitude, produces significant effects, especially in the case of high altitude satellites. The solar radiation pressure represents one freely available environmental force that may be put to use for various purposes. This may lead to enhancement of the life of the satellite since it consumes a very nominal amount of on-board energy. The advantages offered by the solar radiation pressure have drawn the attention of several researchers. Various controllers were proposed for many space missions, particularly for attitude control and stabilization of satellites. A controller for achieving large angle pitch attitude maneuver is described. The proposed control law is very simple in its form and requires a minimum number of on-board computations. Varieties of cases are tried and the effect of various parameters is studied     

DOA estimation by exploiting the amplitude modulation induced by antenna scanning

We propose a beamsplitting-like approach to estimate the directions of arrival (DOA) of multiple radar targets present in the mainlobe of a rotating antenna. The proposed method is based on the maximum likelihood (ML) technique and it avoids the need for a difference channel by exploiting knowledge of the antenna main beam pattern. Two scenarios are considered: multiple targets with unknown deterministic complex amplitudes and multiple targets with Gaussian distributed random complex amplitudes. The performance of the proposed estimator is investigated through Monte Carlo simulation and it is compared with the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB).     

MIMO雷达中一种降维MUSIC的相干角度估计算法

研究单快拍下双基地多输入多输出（Multiple—InputMultiple-Output,MIMO）雷达中相干信源的离开角（Directionofdeparture,DOD）与到达角（directionofarrival,DOA）联合估计问题。利用单快拍下双基地MIMO雷达的接收信号构造一组Toeplitz矩阵,利用这组ToepIitz矩阵重构一个信号矩阵,提出一种基于降维多重信号分类（ReducedDimensionMultipleSignalClassification,RD-MUSIC）的DOD与DOA联合估计算法。提出的算法能够有效估计相干信源以及非相干信源的角度,实现角度的自动配对,并且角度估计性能远优于FBSS—ESPRIT算法以及ESPRIT-like算法。仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

Multiple-model adaptive estimation using a residual correlationKalman filter bank

We propose a modified multiple model adaptive estimation (MMAE) algorithm that uses the time correlation of the Kalman filter residuals, in place of their scaled magnitude, to assign conditional probabilities for each of the modeled hypotheses. This modified algorithm, denoted the residual correlation Kalman filter bank (RCKFB), uses the magnitude of an estimate of the correlation of the residual with a slightly modified version of the usual MMAE hypothesis testing algorithm to assign the conditional probabilities to the various hypotheses that are modeled in the Kalman filter bank within the MMAE. This concept is used to detect flight control actuator failures, where the existence of a single frequency sinusoid (which is highly time correlated) in the residual of an elemental filter within an MMAE is indicative of that filter having the wrong actuator failure status hypothesis. This technique results in a delay in detecting the flight control actuator failure because several samples of the residual must be collected before the residual correlation can be estimated. However, it allows a significant reduction of the amplitude of the required system inputs for exciting the various system modes to enhance identifiability, to the point where they may possibly be subliminal, so as not to be objectionable to the pilot and passengers     

DOA and steering vector estimation using a partially calibratedarray

We consider the problem of estimating directions of arrival (DOAs) using an array of sensors, where some of the sensors are perfectly calibrated, while others are uncalibrated. We identify a cost function whose minimizer is a statistically consistent and efficient estimator of the unknown parameters-the DOAs and the gains and phases of the uncalibrated sensors. Next we present an iterative algorithm for finding the minimum of that cost function The proposed algorithm is guaranteed to converge. The performance of the estimation algorithm is compared with the Cramer Rao bound (CRB). The derivation of the bound is also included. It is shown that DOA accuracy can be improved by adding uncalibrated sensors to a precisely calibrated array. Moreover, the number of sources that can be resolved may be larger than the number that can be resolved by the calibrated portion of the array     

双基地角时变下的ISAR等效旋转中心估计

双基地逆合成孔径雷达（ISAR）距离-多普勒算法成像时,容易引起越分辨单元徙动问题,影响成像质量,为了抑制越分辨单元徙动,需要估计目标的等效旋转中心。本文针对双基地角时变下的ISAR等效旋转中心估计问题,提出了一种等效旋转中心估计算法。该算法首先将运动补偿后的一维距离像序列分为两组并分别成像,得到两幅图像;其次,假定某个距离单元为等效旋转中心位置,对两幅图像进行畸变校正,使得两幅图像只存在一个视角差,按视角差旋转其中的一幅图像,并与另一幅图像作相关,得到相关系数;然后,假定下一个距离单元为等效旋转中心位置,重复上述步骤,直至遍历结束,相关系数最大值对应的假定位置就是估计的等效旋转中心。最后进行了仿真对比实验,表明本文算法能够有效估计双基地角时变下的ISAR等效旋转中心位置。     

Efficient wideband signal parameter estimation using a radon-ambiguity transform slice

A novel efficient technique based on a single slice Radon-ambiguity transform (RAT) for time-delay and time-scale estimation is proposed. The proposed approach combines the narrowband cross-ambiguity function (NBCAF), the wideband cross-ambiguity function (WBCAF), and a single slice RAT to estimate multiple target parameters in noisy environments. The square modulus of Gaussian-enveloped linear frequency modulated (GLFM) signals has high-energy centrality in the ambiguity plane. Its peaks in the NBCAF fall along nearly straight lines whose slopes depend on the Doppler rates of the moving targets. These lines could be effectively detected by computing the entire Radon transform of the NBCAF for all possible angles; however, it is a computationally intensive procedure. It is shown that without calculating the entire RAT, it is possible to estimate target parameters using only a single slice of the RAT, i.e., using an appropriate projection of the NBCAF. It is demonstrated that the proposed method can successfully separate overlapping targets efficiently. The efficiency is achieved due to fast Fourier transform (FFT)-bascd processing, use of a single slice of RAT, and the use of only one-dimensional (1-D) searches.     

Velocity estimation of fast moving targets using a single SAR sensor

A new methodology is presented to retrieve slant-range velocity estimates of moving targets inducing Doppler-shifts beyond the Nyquist limit determined by the pulse repetition frequency (PRF). The proposed approach exploits the linear dependence (not subject to PRF limitations) of the Doppler-shift with respect to the slant-range velocity, at each wavelength. Basically, we propose an algorithm to compute the skew of the two-dimensional spectral signature of a moving target. Distinctive features of this algorithm are its ability to cope with strong range migration and its efficiency from the computational point of view. By combining the developed scheme to retrieve the slant-range velocity with a methodology proposed earlier to estimate the velocity vector magnitude, the full velocity vector is unambiguously retrieved without increasing the mission PRF. The method gives effective results even when the returned echoes of the moving targets and the static ground overlap completely, provided that the moving targets signatures are digitally spotlighted and the signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) is, roughly, greater than 14 dB. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated with simulated and real data. As an example, slant-range velocities of moving objects with velocities between 6 and 12 times the Nyquist velocity are estimated with accuracy better than 3%.     

Maneuver estimation using measurements of orientation

An image-based algorithm which provides an estimate of the current radial acceleration of a target is studied. Since the data in a single image frame provide information only on the orientation of the target, a sequence of frames must be processed to detect maneuvers. The estimation problem is parameterized in terms of natural groupings of measurement errors, and the influence of these errors on estimator fidelity is studied     

Visual analysis in a deployable antenna experiment [satellite antenna]

To establish a large deployable antenna, monitoring and collimation are essential for reliable and precise deployment. We have developed an analysis method to detect shifts in several images, in which the combination of cross-correlations between images and approximations at subpixel precision enables us to detect shifts in images with a precision of up to 0.01 pixels. The LDREX mission; which was a preliminary experiment for a large deployable antenna, ETS-VIII, was performed in December 2000. During this experiment, anomalies occurred in the antenna, and deployment was aborted. To understand the cause of the anomalies, we used our visual analysis method. Using this analysis, we detected vibrating features in the antenna, which were useful for explaining the anomalies. We outline our visual analysis method and discuss its application in monitoring the deployable antenna.     

模糊神经网络的侧滑角校正

叙述了一种利用模糊神经网络模型来校正侧滑角的方法。侧滑角的校正基于以下七个输入变量：动静压之比、动压、迎角、滚转速率、偏航速率、飞机重心处侧向过载、基准侧滑角。在模糊神经网络模型的结构辨识中，采用了前向搜寻算法。样本数据的一部分用于训练模糊神经网络，另一部分用于测试和评价所得模型的性能；参数辨识中，采用了反向传播学习算法（即BP算法）。某型飞机的六自由度仿真软件仿真验证表明，用这种方法校正后的侧滑角具有较高的精确度。     

Nontracking antenna performance for inertially controlled spacecraft using TDRSS

A series of tests to validate an antenna pointing concept for spin-stabilized satellites using a data relay satellite is described. These tests show that proper antenna pointing on an inertially stabilized spacecraft can lead to significant access time through the relay satellite even without active antenna pointing. We summarize the test results, the simulations to model the effects of antenna pattern and space loss, and the expected contact times. We also show how antenna beam width affects the results.     

Multiple target angle tracking using sensor array outputs

The use of the output of an array of sensors to track multiple independently moving targets is reported. The output of each sensor in the array is the sum of signals received from each of the targets. The results of direction-of-arrival estimation by eigenvalue analysis are extended to derive a recursive procedure based on a matrix quadratic equation. The solution of this matrix quadratic equation is used to provide updated target positions. A linear approximation method for estimating the solution of the matrix equation is presented. The algorithm is demonstrated by the simulated tracking of two targets. The main advantage of the algorithm is that a closed-form solution for updating the target angle estimates has been obtained. Also, its application is straightforward, and the data association problem due to uncertainty in the origin of the measurements is avoided. However, it requires the inversion of an N×N as well as other linear operations, so that the computational burden becomes substantial as N becomes very large