Study of microaccelerations onboard the <Emphasis Type="Italic">International Space Station</Emphasis> with the DAKON-M convection sensor

The results of experiments with the DAKON-M convection sensor onboard the Russian orbital segment of the International Space Station are described. A comparison of the sensor measurements with the results of calculation of the quasistatic microacceleration component at the point of installation is made. For this comparison we have used three measurement intervals of the experiments in 2009, during which spacecraft were docked with the station, undocked from it, and actuation of jet engines of the attitude control system took place. When calculating microacceleration, we use the measurement data of the low-frequency MAMS accelerometer, installed on the American segment, and the telemetry data on the ISS rotational motion. This information allowed one to convert the MAMS measurements to the point of installation of the DAKON-M convection sensor. A comparison of sensor measurements with calculated microaccelerations showed sufficiently accurate coincidence between the calculated and measured data.     

Evolution of salt finger convection with steady wind shear

In oceanographics situations where salt fingers may be an important mechanism for the transport of heat and salt in the vertical direction, velocity shears may also be present. Salt finger convection is analogous to Bénard convection in that the kinetic energy of the motions is obtained from the potential energy stored in the unstable distribution of a stratifying component. On the basis of the thermal analogy it is of interest to discover whether salt fingers are converted into two-dimensional sheets by wind shear, and how the vertical fluxes of heat and salt are changed by wind shear. Salt finger convection under the effect of steady wind shear is theoretically examined in this paper. The evolution of instability developing in the presence of a vertical density gradient disturbance and the horizontal Couette flow is considered near the onset of salt fingers under a moderate rate of shear. We use velocity as the basic variable and solve the pressure Poisson equation in terms of the associated Green function. Growth competition between the longitudinal rolls (LR) and the transverse rolls (TR), whose axes are, respectively, in the direction parallel to and perpendicular to the Couette flow, is investigated by the weakly nonlinear analysis of coupled-mode equations. The results show that the TR mode is stable under a small wind shear and the LR mode is stable for a higher wind shear.     

A micro-gravity simulation of the Marangoni convection

An experimental verification of Marangoni convection in the liquid inter-space between two-coaxial discs is carried out at reduced gravity effect using small Bond's number obtained by choice of small characteristical diameter. Silicon oil is used as working fluid. The upper or lower disc can be heated electrically. The flow is visualized by illuminating fine powder of Titandioxide in the fluid with a vertical “light cut” of about 0.1 mm thickness, which is produced by a laser with a cylindrical glass rod and a microscope objective. Photographs and moving pictures are taken from a TV monitor. From these the vortex configuration and the velocity distribution can be determined, which would be expected for the Marangoni convection in the zero-g condition, for example in the spacelab.     

An alternative algorithm for the spacecraft information system with magnetometer and solar sensor

The possibility of identification of motion parameters of a low-orbit spacecraft using readings of a three-axis magnetometer and solar position sensor, without integration of the Euler’s dynamic equations or direct measurement of the object’s angular velocity, is considered.     

改革实验内容，突出学生的主体地位

21世纪将是科技和信息高度发展的时代 ,现有书本知识会很快过时。因此 ,培养学生自学能力将比单纯向他们传授知识更为重要。为了培养高素质的人才 ,必须改革现有实验教学模式和内容 ,在实验教学中实现以教师为主向以学生为主的转变 ,突出学生的主体地位 ,增强学生的自主创新能力。实验教学中的这种转变可从以下几方面来做。1　创造良好的实验环境与学习氛围 ,激发学生的实验积极性过去实验教学一直处于“教师是主体 ,学生是客体”的状况 ,学生对实验缺乏热情和积极性。如何使学生从被动学习转变到主动学习 ,直至成为学习过程的主体呢 ?我认…     

虚拟仪器在测试实验中的应用

虚拟仪器应用范围很广。为了介绍虚拟仪器在测试技术中的应用,现以DASYlab软件为开发平台,编写简单的实验程序,对振动信号进行基本的时域和频域分析。     

美国国防部重视利用国际空间站进行试验

有关大型空间平台（空间站和航天飞机）在国家空间安全中的应用．尤其是军事应用问题．无论是在国内或是在国外,长期以来一直受到人们的关注。     

Ions with a Mass Number of Two in Mass-Spectrometric Experiments aboard Rockets and Satellites

Deuterium ions D⁺and doubly-charged helium ions He⁺⁺have the same mass-to- charge ratio (M/Z= 2) and are not distinguished by the mass-spectrometer. On the basis of analysis of published data, Interkosmos-24satellite data, and theoretical estimations, it is shown that in the ionosphere and plasmasphere the ion with a mass number of two is He⁺⁺and not D⁺, at least at altitudes of higher than 600–800 km. Arguments in favor of the validity of this assumption at lower altitudes are presented. Regularities of the dependence of the N(He⁺⁺)/N(He⁺) ratio on altitude, time of day, season, and solar activity are derived. It is found that in the daytime the N(He⁺⁺)/N(He⁺) ratio decreases with increasing solar activity. The seasonal dependence is most pronounced at nighttime in the altitude interval 1000–2000 km, where this ratio decreases in passing from winter to summer. Peculiarities of the latitude distribution of the absolute and relative values of the He⁺⁺concentration are found in the Interkosmos-24satellite data. On the basis of the same data, a strong longitude effect in the N(He⁺⁺) concentration occurring under certain heliogeophysical conditions is discovered, an effect amplitude attaining one order of magnitude on adjacent orbits. An interpretation of this effect is given.     

TY-3微重力火箭系统的开发

前言微重力火箭是从探空火箭系列中发展出来的一种用于微重力科学研究的技术实验火箭，其射高一般在２００公里以上，可以提供１０－４g的微重力水平和６～１５分钟的微重力时间。其主要优点是技术成熟，可靠性高，价格低廉，灵活性强，而且微重力值稳定。１９７１年１０月，美国“空蜂”１７０A在白沙靶场发射，首次利用探空火箭进行了空间材料加工实验。此后２０多年，美国、德国、瑞典、日本和前苏联等国相继制订了微重力火箭发展计划，成功地完成了数百项实验研究，获得了大量的信息和研究成果。到２０世纪后期，微重力火箭已成为地面…     

Effect of enclosure shape on natural convection velocities in microgravity

A numerical analysis was performed to compare natural convection velocities in two-dimensional enclosures of various shape. The following shapes were investigated: circle, square, horizontal and upright 2 × 1 aspect ratio rectangles, horizontal and upright half-circles, diamond (square oriented with diagonal vertical) and triangle (equilateral and horizontal base). In all cases, the length scale in the various dimensionless parameters, such as Rayleigh number, is defined as the diameter of the equal area circle. Natural convection velocities were calculated for Rayleigh numbers of 100 and 500 with the temperature difference taken to be across (a) the maximum horizontal dimension, (b) the median horizontal line (line through centroid) and (c) the horizontal distance such that the temperature gradient is the same for shapes of equal area. A Rayleigh number of 1000 is within the “low Rayleigh number” range for agreement with first order theory for circular enclosures. A Rayleigh number of 5000 is slightly out of this range. For the class of shapes including the square, upright half-circle and upright rectangle, the computed velocities were found to agree very closely with that of the equal area circle when the temperature difference is taken to be across the maximum horizontal dimension [condition (a)]. The velocities for the horizontal rectangle and half circle were found to be approximately one-half that of the equal area circle for the same condition. Better overall agreement among all shapes was obtained by setting the temperature difference across a distance such that the temperature gradients were equal for shapes of equal area.     

Influence of a surface tension minimum as a function of temperature on the marangoni convection

Aqueous long chain alcohol solutions have a surface tension which presents a minimum as a function of the temperature. At this particular temperature, the dimensionless Marangoni number is vanishing. It is thus expected that around the temperature of the minimum, Marangoni Convection would be slowered with a convective pattern deeply modified. An experiment to be performed in microgravity during the Texus 8 flight is described.     

基础课综合性设计性实验认定浅议

为顺利通过教育部普通高等学校本科教学工作水平评估,对如何开展综合性设计性实验认定进行了探讨,并对开展综合性设计性实验中注意的几个问题进行了简要阐述。     

Experiments on velocity augmentation of spherical flames by grids

Using spherical wire mesh screens with a wire diameter d and a mesh size l, an experimental study was carried out involving homogeneous mixtures of propane/air, ethylene/air, acetylene/air and with oxygen enriched air. Streak photographs of the processes were taken, yielding information on the flame propagation speeds inside and outside the screen. The ratio of the two speeds immediately before and after crossing the screen, α, can be interpreted as practically equivalent (for the same “heat release”) to the ratio of flame velocities relative to the unburned gas, i.e. Values of (α − 1) are correlated with the Reynolds number based on the wire thickness d, density and viscosity of the unburned gas and flame propagation speed inside the wire mesh. The experiments were repeated with two and three spheres of different diameters, e.g. inner screen 9 cm in diameter and outer screen 18 cm in diameter or three screens, 9, 13.5 and 18 cm, respectively. The second screen usually added a factor of 2 on the value of α. The third screen produced very little additional effect. The highest value of α we ever obtained for mixtures with air was about 12 (for acetylene/air). With oxygen enriched air the situation is quite different. If the flame velocity of the laminar flame relative to the unburned gas exceeds 2 m/sec, the value of α may increase up to a level corresponding to detonation.     

Heat transfer of thermocapillary convection in a two-layered fluid system under the influence of magnetic field

Heat transfer of a two-layer fluid system has been of great importance in a variety of industrial applications. For example, the phenomena of immiscible fluids can be found in materials processing and heat exchangers. Typically in solidification from a melt, the convective motion is the dominant factor that affects the uniformity of material properties. In the layered flow, thermocapillary forces can come into an important play, which was first emphasized by a previous investigator in 1958. Under extraterrestrial environments without gravity, thermocapillary effects can be a more dominant factor, which alters material properties in processing. Control and optimization of heat transfer in an immiscible fluid system need complete understanding of the flow phenomena that can be induced by surface tension at a fluid interface. The present work is focused on understanding of the magnetic field effects on thermocapillary convection, in order to optimize material processing. That is, it involves the study of the complicated phenomena to alter the flow motion in crystal growth. In this effort, the Marangoni convection in a cavity with differentially heated sidewalls is investigated with and without the influence of a magnetic field. As a first step, numerical analyzes are performed, by thoroughly investigating influences of all pertinent physical parameters. Experiments are then conducted, with preliminary results, for comparison with the numerical analyzes.     

双曲梁传感器推力测量技术应用

为提高小推力发动机的测量精度,对原测量误差大、测量结果易受环境情况影响的应变梁推力测量装置进行了改进。改进后采用双曲梁推力测量系统。从安装、校准等方面介绍了系统的改进措施及实际应用情况。试验结果表明,双曲梁推力测量系统测量精度高,内阻输出低、抗电干扰性能好。     

Surface temperature distribution along a thin liquid layer due to thermocapillary convection

The surface temperature distributions due to thermocapillary convections in a thin liquid layer with heat fluxes imposed on the free surface are investigated. The nondimensional analysis predicts that, when convection is important, the characteristic length scale in the flow direction L, and the characteristic temperature difference ΔT₀, can be represented by and , respectively, where L_R and ΔT_T are the reference scales used in the conduction-dominant situations with A denoting the aspect ratio and Ma the Marangoni number. Having had L and ΔT₀ defined, the global surface-temperature gradient ( ), the global thermocapillary driving-force, and other interesting features can then be readily determined. Finally, numerical calculations involving a Gaussian heat flux distribution are presented to justify these two relations.     

航天发射塔回转平台滚动轴承状态检测方法与试验研究

研究航天发射塔回转平台特殊工况滚动轴承的状态检测与试验方法。提出应用冲击脉冲法（SPM方法）进行不解体检测的变参数对比试验和SPM方法检测指标筛选试验方案。针对某航天发射塔回转平台滚动轴承的实际运行状况和使用维修记录，对该塔66个回转平台滚动轴承进行了现场检测试验和综合分析评判。成功地解决了该塔超低速、大负荷、变速、欠润滑运转回转平台滚动轴承的状态检测问题，充分发挥了现役轴承的使用寿命．节约了大量的维修时间与维修费用。     

耐高温复合材料的主动冷却实验和数值计算研究

高超声速吸气式发动机面临着严重的热防护问题,同时还存在着燃料和冷却剂不匹配的同题,必须使用耐高温材料与主动冷却相结合的冷却策略.针对一种使用陶瓷基耐高温复合材料的主动冷却模式开展了实验和数值研究,该多层材料主动冷却模式结合了主动冷却和耐高温复合材料的优点.基于这种主动冷却模式设计了一种多层材料组成主动冷却实验装置.利用燃气发生器提供的高热流环境对主动冷却实验装置开展了实验研究,并建立了一维非稳态复合结构的传热模型,模拟了不同材料组成的多层复合结构中的非稳态温度场.研究表明:基于C/SiC复合材料的多层材料主动冷却结构在高温高热流环境中的冷却能力较强,可以在使用较少冷却剂的条件下使发动机壳体内部的温度保持在可靠工作的范围内,说明使用基于耐高温复合材料的主动冷却模式是解决高超声速吸气式发动机热防护问题的新途径.