型腔铣削加工光滑螺旋刀轨生成算法

 针对传统行切、环切刀轨存在方向突变的拐角,不适用于型腔快速铣削的问题,提出一种新的刀轨生成算法。首先通过线性插值型腔边界的等距多边形生成螺旋状折线,然后以指数函数分布规律插入控制顶点,以这些控制顶点所定义的B样条曲线为基础规划最终刀轨。所生成刀轨不需要离散成大量小直线段即可直接用于具有NURBS插补功能的高速数控系统;另外,刀轨可以任意阶连续,从而减小切削力的变化幅度,避免方向突变,提高加工效率和加工精度。     

基于中轴变换的型腔高速铣削刀具轨迹生成方法

框、梁、壁板、蒙皮等飞机关键零部件中包含大量型腔特征,其加工效率直接影响零件的整体加工效率。高速铣削机床的发展为此类零件的高效加工奠定了很好的硬件基础,也给型腔铣削刀具轨迹生成带来了新的问题。例如蒙皮镜像铣由于其特殊的设计,对刀具轨迹提出平滑无抬刀、步距变化严格控制在一定范围内等更严苛的要求,从而保证蒙皮高质量加工。结构件高速加工中为了保持刀具的高进给和高转速,也要求刀具轨迹平滑且步距平稳变化。然而现有的型腔铣削刀轨生成方法大多基于局部优化解决加工残余和刀轨不平滑问题,难以生成同时满足多工艺约束尤其是步距约束的刀具轨迹,无法完全发挥高速机床的性能。针对此问题,本文提出基于中轴变换的型腔高速铣削刀具轨迹生成及优化方法。该方法首先基于中轴变换提取型腔骨架线,并进一步修正从而生成刀轨偏置基准和初始刀轨。其次利用图像变形算法对初始刀轨进行迭代变形优化,使最终优化刀轨与目标型腔区域吻合,且满足高速加工的工艺约束条件。该方法在离散的图像域内从整体角度优化刀具轨迹,不仅保证轨迹平滑无抬刀,还能保证步距在容许范围内平稳变化。实验证明本文提出的方法在保证轨迹平滑和步距平稳变化等方面的有效性,能够满足高性能加工的要求。     

基于B样条的机翼外形参数化方法研究

描述了基于B样条的机翼外形参数化方法在超临界翼型和机翼气动设计中的应用研究。在机翼外形参数化过程中,通过B样条曲线插值和拟合型值点生成机翼截面曲线和展向引导线,采用Coons Gordon方法通过自由放样和点阵插值获得B样条张量积曲面并进行叠加,进而获得插值于机翼表面曲线网的B样条曲面。还运用CFD工具对不同机翼放样面的气动性能进行了分析对比。通过研究,B样条控制点可作为设计变量传递给气动优化程序,采用B样条曲线或曲面表达式为各设计变量的线性组合,可以方便快捷获取几何梯度信息。     

飞机结构件内型转角一体加工刀轨生成方法

针对飞机结构件内型转角传统的分开加工易产生接刀痕以及转角处进给方向和刀具接触角急剧变化引起的切削力增大和刀具振动增强的问题,提出了飞机结构件内型转角一体加工工艺及其刀轨生成方法。该方法对内型和转角进行组合加工,首先计算满足接触角均匀变化的精加工所需余量和精加工刀轨,以及后续刀轨加工区域;其次在后续加工转角时通过采用最大和恒定接触角相结合的原则,循环分层加工转角,改善了加工状况。在刀轨连接处使用变螺旋曲线,保证了曲率的连续变化,减小了机床振动。切削实验表明:该刀轨改善了加工过程中的切削力和刀具振动,提高了工件表面的加工质量。     

次摆线走刀在高速铣削窄槽结构中的应用

在阐述次摆线参数方程的基础上,基于CAM/HSM技术,将次摆线走刀方式应用于窄槽结构的高速铣削试验中,研究了次摆线走刀的铣削力变化规律、窄槽结构的表面粗糙度及其局部形貌,并建立了次摆线走刀高速铣削窄槽结构的铣削力模型。研究表明:次摆线走刀高速铣削窄槽结构有效可行,加工出了高质量的窄槽型腔表面(Ra=0.142μm);次摆线走刀的铣削力呈周期变化,在走刀平面内,次摆线切削宽度方向上的铣削力是进刀宽度方向上的4倍;采用次摆线走刀加环切走刀策略加工窄槽结构,既改善了窄槽的铣削加工条件,又满足了高速铣削粗精加工的要求和原则。     

面向螺旋铣削的叶身曲面重构的参数化方法

针对螺旋铣削中普通造型方法得到的叶身型面往往出现扭曲,严重影响螺旋铣削刀位轨迹的问题,提出了一种针对螺旋铣削的叶身曲面重构的参数化方法。该方法首先根据单条叶片截面线的特征,采用累加弦长参数化和等弧长参数化离散的方法,实现单条截面线的参数化,从而得到高质量的截面线。然后在此基础上,从叶身曲面的V向和U向对叶身曲面重新参数化。最后对截面线进行放样,实现叶身曲面的重构。试验结果表明叶身曲面质量较高,能够较好地满足螺旋铣削刀位轨迹的规划要求。     

复杂曲面宽行加工等参数线刀轨精确搭接方法

等参数线刀轨规划方法广泛应用在复杂曲面的加工中,然而,宽行加工中用传统方法计算刀轨行距不能保证准确性。为避免相邻刀轨之间出现欠切或行宽重叠过多,本文提出了一种行距的预测和调整算法。根据已有刀轨驱动线的位置预测后续刀轨驱动线的位置。构造了刀轨的有效搭接区间,选取能代表刀轨边界的几个特征刀位,通过调整刀轨驱动线的位置使其参数边界落在有效搭接区间内部。有效搭接区间为确定刀轨行距提供了依据,而特征刀位的先取大大减小了刀轨驱动线调整时的计算量。计算实例表明,本文提出的算法可以实现相邻刀轨的精确搭接。     

面向全型面精加工的整体叶盘铣磨组合加工技术研究

整体叶盘由多个叶片呈圆周阵列布置在轮毂上,由于叶身型面为弱刚性零件,精加工时刀具磨损、颤振及让刀变形较为严重,影响了加工质量的进一步提高。提出一种面向全型面精加工的整体叶盘铣磨组合加工工艺,叶片型面采用磨削加工工艺,叶根、流道区域采用铣削加工工艺,通过控制磨削与铣削刀轨重叠区域的接刀误差实现叶盘全型面加工。试验结果表明,铣磨组合加工工艺表现出较好的加工质量,接刀误差控制在0.01 mm以内,轮廓误差小于0.04 mm,并通过加工试验验证了多主轴阵列加工的可行性,在保证加工质量的同时可大幅度提升加工效率。     

钛合金宽弦空心风扇叶片进排气边加工变形预测

针对残余应力和铣削载荷引起的钛合金宽弦空心风扇叶片铣削加工变形问题,提出了一种空心风扇叶片加工变形预测方法。通过正交试验得出铣削力经验公式,采用两种不同的走刀方式,结合"生死单元"技术实现叶片进排气边加工仿真;运用BP神经网络算法建立钛合金宽弦空心风扇叶片加工变形预报模型。通过分析不同走刀方式的加工变形量得出:环切铣削方式对于加工变形的影响大于行切铣削方式。变形预报结果与实际测量值相对误差在10%以内,变形预报相比有限元计算周期短,预测效率高。     

复杂通道类零件五坐标加工全局干涉处理方法

 针对复杂通道类零件五坐标端铣加工中全局干涉问题,提出一种基于临界约束与临界位置精细化的干涉处理方法。通过分析刀杆碰撞干涉特点,以切触点处垂直于走刀方向平面与被加工曲面交线为基础,计算刀具的初始临界位置。在零件坐标系下,建立自动编程刀具轮廓函数,基于初始临界位置,选定与刀具临近点集。在刀具坐标系下,采用距离监视的方法计算点集到临界刀轴的距离,判断干涉点集,计算与之对应的刀具旋转角度集,选取最大的旋转角,从而确定出无干涉刀轴矢量。算例结果表明,该方法能够快速确定干涉检测范围,准确生成无干涉刀位轨迹。     

复杂曲面边界槽五座标数控加工的刀位计算

以两种较简单的加工──交线及底曲面的刀位计算结果产生槽加工的刀位数据。提出了刀具位置边界槽及基于边界槽的刀位计算方法。该算法中刀心位置由底面加工的刀心轨迹相对边界槽裁剪而得;刀轴矢量由边界槽空间网格划分产生。提出并证明了用于获得无干涉的和均匀变化的刀轴矢量的空间网格划分的准则。本文算法可对带岛屿及复杂曲面边界的槽进行五座标数控加工的刀位计算。     

A new error-controllable method for smoothing the G01 commands

In real machining, the tool paths are composed of a series of short line segments, which constitute groups of sharp corners correspondingly leading to geometry discontinuity in tangent. As a result, high acceleration with high fluctuation usually occurs. If these kinds of tool paths are directly used for machining, the feedrate and quality will be greatly reduced. Thus, generating continuous tool paths is strongly desired. This paper presents a new error-controllable method for generating continuous tool path. Different from the traditional method focusing on fitting the cutter locations, the proposed method realizes globally smoothing the tool path in an error-controllable way. Concretely, it does the smoothing by approaching the newly produced curve to the linear tool path by taking the tolerance requirement as a constraint. That is, the error between the desired tool path and the G01 commands are taken as a boundary condition to ensure the finally smoothed curve being within the given tolerance. Besides, to improve the smoothing ability in case of small corner angle, an improved local smoothing method is also proposed by symmetrically assigning the control points to the two adjacent linear segments with the constrains of tolerance and G3 continuity. Experiments on an open five-axis machine are developed to verify the advantages of the proposed methods.     

Dual Drive Curve Tool Path Planning Method for 5-axis NC Machining of Sculptured Surfaces

The problem of finished surface being not first-order continuous commonly exists in machining sculptured surfaces with a torus cutter and some other types of cutters. To solve this problem, a dual drive curve tool path planning method is proposed in this article. First, the maximum machining strip width of a whole tool path can be obtained through optimizing each tool position with multi-point machining (MPM) method. Second, two drive curves are then determined according to the obtained maximum machining strip width. Finally, the tool is positioned once more along the dual drive curve under the condition of tool path smoothness. A computer simulation and cutting experiments are carried out to testify the performance of the new method. The machined surface is measured with a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) to examine the machining quality. The results obtained show that this method can effectively eliminate sharp scallops between adjacent tool paths, keep tool paths smooth, and improve the surface machining quality as well as machining efficiency.     

直纹面叶轮刀具轨迹规划的研究(英文)

At present, most commercial computer-aided manufacturing （CAM） systems are deficient in efficiency and performances on generating tool path during machining impellers. To solve the problem, this article develops a special software to plan cutting path for ruled surface impellers. An approximation algorithm to generate cutting path for machining integral ruled surface impellers is proposed. By fitting sampling data points of an impeller blade into a curve, a model of ruled surface blade of an impeller is built up. Furthermore, by calculating the points where the cutter axis vector intersects the free-form hub surface of an impeller, problems about, for instance, the ambiguity in calculation and machining the wide blade surface with a short flute cutter are solved. Finally, an integral impeller cutting path is planned by way of an integrated cutter location control algorithm. Simulation and machining tests with an impeller are performed on a 5-axis computer numerically controlled （CNC） mill machine, which shows the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.     

复杂曲面零件五轴加工刀轴整体优化方法

 针对复杂曲面零件五轴加工中刀轴矢量变化剧烈、严重影响工件表面加工质量的问题,提出一种基于临界约束的五轴刀轴矢量整体优化方法。首先,构造了给定切触点处所有可行摆刀平面,并在摆刀平面内根据临界约束计算出临界刀轴矢量,在获得临界刀轴矢量的基础上,对其进行平面映射,建立了刀轴摆动的初始可行域;其次,通过对初始可行域进行均匀离散,根据离散点之间相对位置关系构造邻接矩阵,并结合最短路径搜索算法获得了初始参考刀轴,从而构造了新的刀轴摆动可行域;最后,建立当前切削行内无干涉且相邻刀轴变化最小的刀轴矢量优化模型,实现自由曲面五轴加工无干涉刀轴矢量的光滑控制。两种自由曲面叶轮的加工算例分析表明,采用本文方法获得的刀轴矢量可以明显改善机床的运动性能,避免了刀具干涉的产生,可提高复杂曲面零件的加工质量与效率。     

Five-axis flank milling tool path generation with curvature continuity and smooth cutting force for pockets

In order to ensure machining stability, curvature continuity and smooth cutting force are very important so as to meet the constraints of both cutting force and kinematics of machine tools. For five-axis flank milling, it is difficult to meet both of the constraints because tool path points and tool axis vectors interact with each other. In this paper, multiple relationships between tool path points and tool axis vectors with cutting force and kinematics of machine tools are established, and the strategies of corner-looping milling and clothoidal spirals are combined so as to find feasible solutions under both of the constraints. Tool path parameters are iterated by considering the maximum cutting force and the feasible range of the tool axis vector, and eventually a curvature continuity five-axis flank milling tool path with smooth cutting force is generated. Machining experimental results show that the conditions of cutting force are satisfied, vibration during the process of machining is reduced, and the machining quality of the surface is improved.     

三元整体叶轮的曲面造型及其计算机辅助制造技术

针对一种三元整体叶轮,采用B样条方法对叶片中性面上顶部和根部的两组数据点进行了插值曲线的反算,进而构造出直纹面形式的叶片中性面和叶片曲面;研究了在五坐标机床上采用球头棒铣刀侧铣加工叶轮时的刀位计算方法,给出了在UG环境下的叶轮曲面建模方法及其数控加工仿真步骤。     

基于特征的蒙皮镜像铣加工残区刀轨优化方法

镜像铣加工装备及其加工工艺是蒙皮零件加工的有效手段,其特殊工艺对加工刀轨提出了等步距、无交叉、无抬刀且无残留等特殊要求。针对蒙皮零件加工特征的复杂形状,在满足等步距、无抬刀、无交叉的条件下对加工残留区域进行刀轨优化是一个难题。为解决以上难题,本文提出了一种基于特征的蒙皮镜像铣加工残区刀轨优化方法。该方法基于特征将蒙皮零件的工艺信息与几何信息相关联,自动提取加工特征的加工面及其对应的刀轨,将刀轨分割成若干段子刀轨,并构建子加工区域,再利用布尔并运算得到最终可加工区域。然后对加工面区域与最终可加工区域求布尔差识别出加工残留区域,并根据加工残区位置自适应生成满足蒙皮镜像铣特殊要求的优化刀轨。以典型复杂蒙皮零件验证本文提出的方法,结果表明,基于特征的蒙皮镜像铣加工残区刀轨优化方法可自动识别加工残区,并生成满足蒙皮镜像铣特殊要求的加工残区优化刀轨,为提高蒙皮零件数控编程效率提供技术支撑。