A Study on Multi-defect Constrained Bendability of Thin-walled Tube NC Bending Under Different Clearance

Thin-walled tube numerical control (NC) bending is a tri-nonlinear physical process with multi-defect and multi-die constraints. The clearance on each contact interface is the major factor to indicate the contact conditions. A three-dimensional-finite element (3D-FE) model is established to consider the realistic dynamic boundary conditions of multiple dies under ABAQUS/Explicit platform. Combined with experiment, numerical study on bending behavior and bendability under different clearance between tube and various dies is conducted in terms of wrinkling, wall thinning and cross section deformation. The results show that (1)with smaller clearance of tube-wiper die and tube-mandrel, the wrinkling can be restrained while the wall thinning It and cross-section deformation Id increase; while excessive small clearance blocks tube materials to flow past tangent point and causes piles up, the onset of wrinkling enhances It and Id. (2)Both It and Id decrease with smaller clearance of tube-pressure die; the wrinkling possibility rises with larger clearance on this interface if the mandrel’s freedom along Y-axis is opened; smaller clearance of tube-bend die prevents wrinkling while increases It, and the clearance on this interface has little effect on Id. (3)A modified Yoshida buckling test (YBT) is used to address the wrinkling mechanisms under normal constraints in tube bending: the smaller clearance may restrain wrinkling efficiently; the smaller wall thickness, the less critical clearance needed; the critical clearance for tube bending 38 mm×1 mm×57 mm (tube outer diameter×wall thickness×centerline bending radius) equals about 20% of initial wall thickness.     

Influence of deformation zone length on bending radius of SS304 tubes with small diameters manufactured via free bending-based active motion

In three and six-axis free-bending equipment, the deformation zone length(A) is a fixed mechanical structure parameter modified when the relevant structure is redesigned and manufactured. In this study, a six degree of freedom(6-DOF) parallel mechanism was used as the control mechanism of the bending die, and a new method of changing the deformation zone length(A)was proposed. Firstly, an idealized geometric model of free bending-based active motion was established. Then, the influence of the de...     

Forming Characteristics of Al-alloy Large-diameter Thin-walled Tubes in NC-bending Under Axial Compressive Loads

Tube thinning control without wrinkling occurring is a key problem urgently to be solved for improving the forming qualities in numerical control (NC) bending processes of large-diameter Al-alloy thin-walled tubes (AATTs). It may be a way solving this problem to exert axial compression loads (ACL) on the tube end in the bending. Thus, this article establishes a three-dimensional (3D) elastic-plastic explicit finite element (FE) model for the bending under ACL and has its reliability verified. Through a multi-index orthogonal experiment design, a combination of process parameters, each expressed by a proper range, for this FE model is derived to overcome the compression instability on tube ends. By combining the FE model with a wrinkling energy prediction model, an in-depth study is conducted on the forming characteristics of large-diameter AATTs with small bending radii and it can be concluded that (1) The larger the tube diameters and the smaller the bending radii, the larger the induced tangent tension stress zones on tube intrados, by which the tube maximum tangent compression stress zones will be partitioned in the bending processes; thus, the smaller the ACL roles in decreasing thinning degrees and the larger the compression instability possibilities on tube ends. (2) The tube wrinkling possibilities under ACL are larger than without ACL acting in the earlier forming periods, and smaller in the later ones. (3) For the tubes with a size factor less than 80, the ACL roles in decreasing thinning degrees are stronger than in increasing wrinkling possibilities.     

薄壁管数控弯曲过程中失稳起皱的主要影响因素

 针对薄壁管数控弯曲精确成形过程在多因素交互作用下可能发生失稳起皱这一复杂物理问题, 基于起皱能量准则和有限元方法相结合, 提出了预测该过程起皱发生的能量( 数值) 方法, 研究了影响薄壁管数控弯曲成形过程起皱发生的主要因素及影响机制。结果表明, 弯曲半径、相对管径、芯棒伸长量和摩擦因素是影响薄壁管数控弯曲精确成形过程起皱发生的主要因素, 而材料的应力强度系数和加工速度等对起皱发生影响较小。研究结果为薄壁管数控弯曲精确成形过程参数的确定和优化创造了条件。     

模具约束条件对H96黄铜双脊矩形管E弯截面变形的影响

 双脊矩形管的绕弯成形受内外侧模具的共同约束,不同模具约束下管坯的受力不同,使得其截面变形情况也不相同,而截面变形严重地影响弯管件的成形质量和使用性能。因此,基于ABAQUS有限元平台建立了双脊矩形管E弯成形三维有限元模型,并通过实验验证了模型的可靠性。采用所建模型,研究了内外侧模具约束条件对双脊矩形管E弯截面变形的影响规律,发现当只有内腹板脊槽受约束时,内腹板脊槽的内缩变形可得到较好的控制,而其他部位的变形则有增大的趋势;当只有外腹板脊槽受约束时,内腹板脊槽宽度变形基本不发生变化,而其他部位的变形则有减小的趋势;当内外腹板脊槽均受约束时,可较好地控制双脊矩形管E弯过程中的截面变形。芯头个数对整管截面高度、宽度、外腹板脊槽宽度与两脊槽底部的间距的变形影响较大,但对内腹板脊槽宽度的变形影响不显著。     

引入压力梯度的针对角区分离流动的Spalart-Allmaras模型的改进

针对Spalart-Allmaras（S-A）模型在角区分离计算中的问题,将无量纲的压力梯度引入其涡黏性输运方程的生成项,得到了改进的S-A模型.通过对两套含角区分离的低速压气机叶栅进行验证计算发现:与实验结果相比,原始S-A模型所得的分离区偏大,分离区内壁面压力偏低;而改进模型得到了与实验一致的分离区尺寸以及吸力面、压力面压力系数分布等结果.针对S-A模型涡黏性生成项和耗散项的分析表明:引入的无量纲压力梯度有效的识别了角区分离,在分离区内改变了涡黏性的生成、耗散关系,增大了涡黏性,从而缩小了计算所得分离区,同时在主流区保留了原始S-A模型的计算结果,进而带来了良好的改进效果.      

引入材料参数的弯管中性层偏移解析模型

中性层偏移是表征管材弯曲内外侧不均匀变形程度的关键参数。基于弯管截面力矩平衡条件,建立了引入材料参数的管材弯曲变形中性层偏移解析模型,针对管材数控绕弯和压弯过程对所建模型从多个方面进行了评估,研究了不同几何和材料等管材本征参数下的管材弯曲中性层偏移规律。结果表明:应用于TA18钛管数控绕弯,发现所建解析模型与已有解析方法预测精度相当,但能考虑材料参数影响,且相较于有限元模拟,本文解析模型更接近实验结果;应用于A6063铝合金管和AZ31镁合金管压弯过程,并与Hasegawa解析方法相较,发现本文解析模型能够准确预测拉压不对称对压弯中性层偏移的影响;弯曲半径减小,弯管直径增大,中性层向弯曲内侧移动;拉压屈服强度比减小,厚向异性指数增大,中性层向弯曲内侧移动。     

弯管成形理论和技术研究进展与发展趋势(英文)

As one kind of key components with enormous quantities and diversities,the bent tube parts satisfy the increasing needs for lightweight and high-strength product from both materials and structure aspec...     

薄壁钛管剪应力本构参数识别方法

不同温度下的薄壁钛管剪应力本构参数识别,是研究薄壁钛管差温剪切弯曲过程管材塑性变形行为迫切需要解决的关键问题。提出了一种管材剪切测试的方法。将不同温度下薄壁钛管等温剪切测试、剪切测试过程模拟有限元模型、以及基于距离函数的响应面模型相结合,提出了薄壁钛管不同温度下剪应力本构参数逆向识别方法。采用该方法,识别了TA2薄壁钛管剪应力本构参数。同时建立了TA2薄壁钛管差温剪切弯曲过程模拟3维弹塑性热力耦合有限元模型。分别采用剪应力本构参数和单拉应力本构参数模拟弯管实验过程,评估了有限元模型的可靠性。结果表明：对于剪应力本构参数,温度越高,管材的K值和n值将减小,m值呈现波动的趋势。与单拉应力本构参数相比,剪应力本构参数对温度的变化更敏感,且剪应力本构参数值较小。与单拉应力本构参数相比,使用剪应力本构参数的有限元模型精度较高,模拟精度最大提高了60%。     

充气机翼的褶皱与失效行为研究

在经典工程梁理论的基础上,结合张力薄膜的应力状态分析,提出充气机翼褶皱失稳的判据。计入表面薄膜褶皱引起的刚度退化效应,将机翼等效处理为一个变截面刚度的梁,建立了充气悬臂机翼的等效梁模型,并采用微分求积法进行充气机翼弯曲变形分析。计算结果与充气机翼的静力弯曲试验结果相吻合,验证了充气机翼弯曲变形分析方法的有效性。应用片条理论引入气动力模型,并与所建立的等效梁模型相耦合,建立充气机翼的静气动弹性耦合模型,并用迭代算法进行求解。考虑起皱和失稳两种判据,并计算获取了试验机翼的起皱动压和皱褶失稳动压形式,计算结果与风洞试验结果一致。根据所建立的充气机翼静气动弹性分析方法,可以预测充气机翼表面褶皱区的扩展和弯曲变形,进而绘制充气机翼的静气弹许用包线,为充气机翼的设计提供必要的安全边界参考依据。     

Effects of geometrical parameters on wrinkling of thin-walled rectangular aluminum alloy wave-guide tubes in rotary-draw bending

Inner flange and side wrinkling often occur in rotary-draw bending process of rectangular aluminum alloy wave-guide tubes, and the distribution and magnitude of wrinkling is related to geometrical parameters of the tubes. In order to study the effects of geometrical parameters on wrinkling of rectangular wave-guide tubes, a 3D-FE model for rotary-draw bending processes of thin-walled rectangular aluminum alloy wave-guide tubes was built based on the platform of ABA-QUS/Explicit, and its reliability was validated by experiments. Simulation and analysis of the influence laws of geometrical parameters on the wave heights of inner flange and side wrinkling were then carried out. The results show that inner flange wrinkling is the main wrinkling way to rectan- gular wave-guide tubes in rotary-draw bending processes, but side wrinkling cannot be neglected because side wrinkling is 2/3 of inner flange wrinkling when b and h are smaller. Inner flange and side wrinkling increase with increasing b and h; the influence of b on side wrinkling is larger than that of h, while both b and h affect inner flange wrinkling greatly. Inner flange and side wrinkling decrease with increasing R/h; the influence of h on inner flange and side wrinkling is larger than that of R.     

Impact of bending dies with different friction forms on forming force and quality of tubes manufactured by free bending technology

In the 3D free bending forming system, the bending die can be designed either in a sliding type or rolling friction type. Bending die-based sliding friction type is often called normal bending dies; however, the bending dies-based rolling friction type includes bending die-based roller type and ball type in structure. In the current study, the impact of three bending dies on the forming force, and the bent tube quality was investigated. The obtained results showed that the tangential stresses and strains of the tubes formed by the bending die-based roller type were the smallest among the three bending dies. Besides, the spherical bearing force P_U was reduced drastically after using the roller type and ball type compared to the sliding friction type. Moreover, the uniformity of the wall thickness distribution of the tubes formed by the roller type and ball type was better than those obtained from the sliding friction type. In addition, the cross-section distortion rate was reduced by 2.8% using the roller type, and 1.8% using ball-type compared to the sliding friction type.     

Plastic deformation analysis and forming quality prediction of tube NC bending

Plane strain assumption and exponent hardening law are used to investigate the plastic deformation in tube bending. Some theoretical formulae including stress, curvature radius of neu-tral layer, angle of neutral layer deviation, bending moment, wall thickness variation and cross-section distortion, are developed to explain the phenomena in tube bending and their magnitudes are also determined. During unloading process, the springback angle is deduced using the virtual work principle, and springback radius is also given according to the length of the neutral layer which remains unchanged before and after springback. The theoretical formulae are validated by the experimental results or the validated simulation results in literature, which can be used to quickly predict the forming quality of tube numerical control (NC) bending.     

Deformation Behavior of Medium-strength TA18 High-pressure Tubes During NC Bending with Different Bending Radii

To improve the forming quality and forming limit of the numerical control (NC) bending of high-pressure titanium alloy tubes, in this study, using three-dimensional (3D) finite element method, deformation behavior of medium-strength TA18 high-pressure tubes during NC bending with different bending radii is investigated. The results show that the cross-sectional deformation and the wall thickness variation during NC bending of TA18 tubes using a small bending radius (less than 2 times of tube outside diameter) are clearly different from that using a normal bending radius (between 2 and 4 times of tube outside diameter). For bending with a normal bending radius, with or without a mandrel, the distribution of the flattening in the bending area resembles a platform and an asymmetric parabola, respectively. For bending with a small bending radius, with or without a mandrel, the flattening both distributes like a parabola, but the former has a stable peak which deflects toward the initial bending section, and the latter has a more pronounced peak with a bending angle and deflects slightly toward the bending section. The wall thickness variations with a normal bending radius, with and without a mandrel, both resemble a platform when the bending angle exceeds a certain angle. For the bending with a small radius, the distribution of the wall thickness variation without a mandrel follows an approximate parabola which increases in value as the bending angle increases. If a mandrel is used, the thickening ratio increases from the initial bending section to the bending section.     

弯曲后掠压缩拐角激波/湍流边界层干扰特性研究

为研究内转式进气道前体压缩激波与机体边界层之间的弯曲后掠压缩拐角激波/湍流边界层干扰现象,对矩形捕获型线、直母线圆锥基准流场生成的内转式进气道压缩型面进行简化,并利用数值仿真方法对简化模型进行计算,分析并对比了非耦合和耦合情况下弯曲后掠压缩拐角激波/湍流边界层干扰特性.结果表明:非耦合模型所形成的分离区呈弯刀形,分离区...     

直角切削6061-T6铝合金剪切区力学行为及微观结构演化预测

力学行为是塑性变形微观过程的宏观表现,早期的金属切削理论模型没有考虑微观结构对切削力的影响。在考虑热力耦合效应的基础上建立了基于位错密度材料模型的6061-T6铝合金直角切削力预测模型,分析了不同切削参数下基于位错运动的塑性变形机制对切削力的影响。结合等分剪切区和非等分剪切区模型,构建了第一变形区多物理场计算方法,提出一种切屑形成过程中由塑性变形引起的微观结构演化解析模型。通过测量切削力和切屑内晶粒尺寸对模型的可行性进行了初步验证。结果表明：剪切区长度变长引起参与位错滑移的材料增多是切削深度增大导致切削力增大的主要原因。增大切削速度导致切削力的降低不是单一变量影响的结果,而是应变降低引起位错增殖数量减少和温度升高引起位错湮灭作用增加的共同作用结果。非等分剪切区模型正确反映了第一变形区温度和应力的分布特征,且与二维有限元模型分布相一致,建立的第一变形区微观结构演化解析模型能够预测切屑内位错密度和晶粒尺寸。     

‘Size effect’ related bending formability of thin-walled aluminum alloy tube

Aluminum alloy (Al-alloy) thin-walled (D/t > 20, diameter D, wall thickness t) bent tubes have attracted increasing applications in many industries with mass quantities and diverse specifications due to satisfying high strength to weigh ratio requirements of product manufacturing. However, due to nonlinear nature of bending with coupling effects of multiple factors, the similarity theory seems not applicable and there occurs a challenge for efficient and reliable evaluation of the bending formability of thin-walled tube with various bending specifications. Considering the unequal deformation and three major instabilities, the bending formability of thin-walled Al-alloy tube in changing tube sizes such as D and t are clarified via both the analytical and FE modeling/ simulations. The experiments of rotary draw bending are conducted to validate the theoretical models and further confirm ’size effect’ related bending formability. The major results show that (1) The anti-wrinkling capability of tube decreases with the larger D and smaller t, and the effect significance of t is larger than that of D even under rigid supports; (2) The wall thinning increases with the larger D and smaller t, and this tendency becomes much more obvious under rigid supports; (3) The cross-section deformation increases with the larger D and smaller t according to the analytical model obtained intrinsic relationship, while this tendency becomes opposite due to the nonlinear role of mandrel die; (4) The size factor D/t can be used as a nondimensional index to evaluate both the bending formability regarding the wall thinning and cross-section deformation.     

空间弯管的回弹预测

管材弯曲卸载后将不可避免地产生一定回弹,严重影响弯管生产的精度与效率,因此回弹成为管材弯曲的重点研究对象.对空间非平面弯管回弹进行研究,将空间回弹问题转化为两个相互垂直平面上的同弹问题,通过纯弯曲回弹实验,建立弯管平面弯曲回弹前后半径之间的函数关系式,然后将两个平面上的回弹合并,对离散化的回弹弯管进行空间拼接,进而完成...     

通过预成形降低内高压成形压力的机理分析

采用力学分析和有限元模拟对空心零件圆角部位在内高压成形过程中的应力分布和变形机理进行了分析,针对多边形截面空心件内高压成形,以矩形截面为例提出采用花瓣形预成形截面降低圆角成形压力的方法,分析了该方法降低圆角成形压力的机理,提出了花瓣形预成形截面形状关键参数计算公式,并通过试验进行了验证,为采用较低压力实现空心构件圆角内高压成形提供了理论指导.     

Design of an innovative multi-stage forming process for a complex aeronautical thin-walled part with very small radii

In this paper, an aeronautical thin-walled part with a complex geometry which has several sharp bends and curvatures in different directions was investigated. This kind of part is difficult to be manufactured only in one stage. Therefore, an innovative multi-stage active hydroforming process assisted by the rigid forming method was designed. In addition, an optimized blank geometry is obtained. In fact, the main focused point of this paper is to propose a new small radius rounded corner forming technique and analyze the mechanism. Two kinds of forming modes of changing a big rounded corner into a small one, which are related to different tangential positions of the die in the process of calibration, are analyzed theoretically. Meanwhile, the stress and strain states of the deformation region are compared. The relationships between the minimum relative radii of rounded corners I and II in the first stage and the hydraulic pressure are calculated by the bending theory. Finally, the influences of the tensile-bulging effect and the interface condition of the double-layer sheet on the forming quality of the specimen are investigated. The achieved results can make a foundation for utilizing the proposed method in forming of thin-walled parts with very small radii.