航空拖曳诱饵系统机动过程缆绳张力仿真

为解决航空拖曳诱饵系统研制过程中拖曳缆绳强度设计问题,对拖曳诱饵系统机动过程缆绳张力进行了仿真研究。仿真中建立了缆绳的质量弹簧阻尼模型和诱饵弹的六自由度动力学模型,研究了直线加速和机动转弯2个典型飞行动作中缆绳受力情况,分析了载机加速度、飞行高度、缆绳弹性模量、缆绳直径等因素对缆绳张力的影响。结果表明：缆绳中张力大小不仅与诱饵弹、缆绳的气动阻力、重力有关,还与它们的惯性力有关;由于张力在缆绳中传递存在时滞性,机动过程中缆绳张力存在波动现象,波动的剧烈程度与载机加速度、缆绳弹性模量、缆绳直径有关;机动转弯过程中,缆绳会承受一个较大的峰值应力,该应力随着转弯角速度的增大而增大。     

航空拖曳诱饵系统的动态特性研究简

 为准确预测航空拖曳诱饵系统能否干扰成功,建立了系统的物理数学模型并对其动态特性进行了仿真研究。应用集中质量法,将柔性拖曳缆绳离散为一系列由阻尼弹簧连接的节点,建立了缆绳的动态模型;对诱饵进行受力分析,建立了诱饵的六自由度模型;提出了缆绳与诱饵的耦合条件,使模型更加精确。分别对诱饵释放过程中,以及释放完成后载机机动时系统的动态特性进行了仿真研究,给出并分析了缆绳的形状、张力和诱饵的姿态角等参数的变化规律。结果表明：为避免出现“鱼钩”现象,应尽可能减小释放诱饵的初速度与载机空速的夹角;应按梯形速度释放诱饵,以使缆绳中拉力的最大值较小。释放完成后,应控制载机最大飞行速度,以避免缆绳进入载机的高温尾喷流区;载机作盘旋时,缆绳在载机的圆形轨迹之外,且载机飞行速率一定时,角速度越大,缆绳向外趋势越大,越有利于避开载机的尾喷流区。     

航空拖曳诱饵系统的动态特性研究

为准确预测航空拖曳诱饵系统能否干扰成功,建立了系统的物理数学模型并对其动态特性进行了仿真研究。应用集中质量法,将柔性拖曳缆绳离散为一系列由阻尼弹簧连接的节点,建立了缆绳的动态模型;对诱饵进行受力分析,建立了诱饵的六自由度模型;提出了缆绳与诱饵的耦合条件,使模型更加精确。分别对诱饵释放过程中,以及释放完成后载机机动时系统的动态特性进行了仿真研究,给出并分析了缆绳的形状、张力和诱饵的姿态角等参数的变化规律。结果表明：为避免出现“鱼钩”现象,应尽可能减小释放诱饵的初速度与载机空速的夹角;应按梯形速度释放诱饵,以使缆绳中拉力的最大值较小。释放完成后,应控制载机最大飞行速度,以避免缆绳进入载机的高温尾喷流区;载机作盘旋时,缆绳在载机的圆形轨迹之外,且载机飞行速率一定时,角速度越大,缆绳向外趋势越大,越有利于避开载机的尾喷流区。     

基于阶跃响应的飞行器单独静、动导数数值求解方法

基于阶跃响应方法,结合刚性动网格技术,对飞行器的单独静、动导数的精细化数值计算进行了研究.以纵向为例,通过给物面施加恒定附加攻角,求解得到阶跃响应运动过程的非定常气动力,求导得到静导数.同样给物面施加恒定的俯仰角速度,并同时强迫物面平动以抵消俯仰转动产生的附加攻角影响,可由非定常气动力求导得到动导数值.分别利用NACA0012翼型和三维SACCON飞翼无人机进行了计算验证,各攻角下的静、动导数值与文献、试验结果吻合得很好,最大误差不超过5%.结论表明:基于阶跃响应的单独静、动导数直接模拟方法计算耗时仅为传统强迫振动方法的21%,效率相对较高,且可推广到横航向的动导数计算,为飞行器的稳定性研究提供参考.      

飞机拦阻索动态特性研究

 为了分析飞机拦阻索在拦阻过程中复杂的动态特性,将拦阻索视为空间柔性钢索,液压吸能系统和缓冲系统经过线性拟合,作为传动索的约束条件,通过具有弹性和阻尼特性的梁单元加载在拦阻系统模型中,同时考虑了柔性钢索与刚性支撑体之间的接触碰撞作用,在有限元分析软件LS_DYNA中建立了拦阻系统的碰撞动力学模型,并进行了仿真研究。研究结果表明,飞机尾钩挂索后,在拦阻索与甲板滑轮之间存在连续震荡衰减的应力波,当来自于甲板滑轮的初次反射波到达钩索啮合点时,拦阻力达到极值。     

Reliability analysis of arresting hook engaging arresting cable for carrier-based aircraft influenced by multifactors

The carrier-based aircraft landing and arrest process is complex and nonlinear, and includes the coupling effect between the aircraft and arresting system. It has many uncertain factors, which lead to difficulty in the reliability analysis. To make the reliability analysis more accurate and effective, this paper presents some studies. Taking a certain type of carrier-based aircraft as the research object, a dynamic model of the landing and arrest cable was established, and the accuracy of the model was verified using laboratory test results. Based on the model, this paper shows how the key parameters, including the sinking velocity, pitch angle and horizontal velocity, affect the collision rebound performance of the arresting hook. After that, a limit state equation of the arresting hook system’s reliability was established. For the implicit limit state equation, a surrogate model of the reliability of the arresting hook was established using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method, and then reliability analysis was carried out using the Monte Carlo method. Finally, it was explained in detail how the key parameters affect the reliability of the hook engaging the arresting cable, and some meaningful conclusions were obtained. This analysis method and its results can provide a reference for the top-level parameter design of carrier-based aircraft and reliability research on the arresting systems.     

Multicriteria choice of a carrier aircraft and main design parameters of an air launcher decoy

The multicriteria optimization problem on joint choice of a carrier aircraft and main design parameters of an air launcher decoy are considered. The estimation of the design parameter values for the aerial decoy is based on the statistical data processing with the use of the methods for constructing nonlinear regression. The result of solving this problem is a set of Pareto-optimal geometry characteristics of the carrier aircraft and aerial decoy. A person who is responsible for decision-making should choose the most reasonable variant from these characteristics. An example of solving the problem is presented.     

Aeroservoelastic stability analysis for flexible aircraft based on a nonlinear coupled dynamic model

A unified theoretical aeroservoelastic stability analysis framework for flexible aircraft is established in this paper. This linearized state space model for stability analysis is based on nonlinear coupled dynamic equations, in which rigid and elastic motions of aircraft are both considered. The common body coordinate system is utilized as the reference frame in the deduction of dynamic equations, and significant deformations of flexible aircraft are also fully concerned without any excessive assumptions. Therefore, the obtained nonlinear coupled dynamic models can well reflect the special dynamic coupling mechanics of flexible aircraft. For aeroservoelastic stability analysis, the coupled dynamic equations are linearized around the nonlinear equilibrium state and together with a control system model to establish a state space model in the time domain. The methodology in this paper can be easily integrated into the industrial design process and complex structures. Numerical results for a complex flexible aircraft indicate the necessity to consider the nonlinear coupled dynamics and large deformation when dealing with aeroservoelastic stability for flexible aircraft.     

Z型翼变体飞机的纵向多体动力学特性

机翼变形时,变体飞机的翼面积、惯性特性、全机焦点和重心位置等均会发生较大的变化,从而引起飞机的动态特性也随之改变。为此对机翼变形过程中的Z型翼变体飞机进行了纵向多体动力学建模仿真;推导了变形过程中变体飞机的六自由度非线性动力学方程,并通过简化得到了解耦后的纵向动力学方程。机翼折叠动态过程的气动特性数值模拟结果表明,不同折叠角速度下飞机的气动力相差不大。在机翼折叠角速度较小且忽略非定常气动效应的情况下,采用气动力准定常假设对变形过程中不同机翼折叠角速度下变体飞机的纵向响应进行了数值仿真,并研究了重心位置移动和气动特性变化对飞机变形过程动态特性的影响规律。结果表明,折叠过程中气动特性的变化是影响飞机动态特性的主要因素,机翼折叠后飞机的速度和迎角增加,且飞行高度下降较大。     

机载拖曳体动力学建模及分析

在某些航空应用场景,需要通过飞行器拖曳功能性部件完成特定性任务,例如机载拖曳对潜通信天线等,在这些应用中,通过建立科学的模型和方法,准确地分析稳态、动态特性是保证拖曳体正常工作的前提条件。本文以对潜通信天线为例,建立考虑天线气动力、惯性力以及弹性力的多体动力学的机载天线动力学模型,并对该模型的稳态结果进行算例验证;对考虑载机非定常运动以及突风作用等扰动后的天线系统动态响应进行分析,并对天线断裂等极端情况进行评估。结果表明：本文所建立的模型在垂直度、天线张力等方面的分析结果较好,能够应用于航空拖曳体的稳态及动态特性分析,在对潜通信天线、加油管等系统的设计方面有一定的工程价值。     

Estimation of 3D angular motion using gyroscopes and linear accelerometers

The authors present a novel, real-time angular motion estimation technique using a linear Gaussian estimator, and the outputs of linear accelerometers and gyroscopes, to assess the actual angular velocity of a rigid body in three-dimensional (3D) space. The method obtains the covariances of the random actual 3D angular velocity, the angular velocity measurement, and the measurement noise from the time averages of the outputs of an array of nine linear accelerometers and the outputs of three orthogonal gyroscopes. These statistics are used by the estimator to calculate the angular velocity of the rigid body in 3D space. The multisensor technique performance is evaluated through a computer simulation. Results indicate that the method leads to more accurate angular velocity values than are obtained conventionally.<>     

Dynamics,stability, and control of a four-cable mount system for wind tunnel test

A four-cable mount system is proposed for full-model wind tunnel flutter tests, which may adjust the pitch and roll attitude of the aircraft scaled model and ensure that the model is not subjected to cable tension. The system provides sufficient support to simulate the free flight of the aircraft by applying appropriate spring stiffness and cable tensions. The proposed four-cable mount system is modeled based on Lagrange mechanics, and its dynamics equations consider aerodynamic effects. The singularity of the system and its bifurcation characteristics under flow conditions are analysed to determine the supercritical bifurcation phenomenon for different tension levels and distances from the front suspension point to the mass centre of the model. The mathematical expressions of the longitudinal flight stability of the cable mount system are derived by linearising the system dynamics equations using small perturbations. The influence of the cable tension, spring stiffness, suspension point position, and other factors on the flight stability of the aircraft are analysed. A feedforward control algorithm is proposed to minimize the total elastic potential energy of the system. The results show that the model is in the level flight state when the elastic potential energy of the four-cable mount system is minimized. A feedback control design method is proposed based on the Lyapunov stability theory to derive the closed-loop stability conditions. The system dynamics model that includes the aircraft rigid body model, flexible cables, pulleys, springs, aerodynamic model, and servo motor control is established using the flexible multibody dynamics method. A multibody dynamics solver and Simulink are used to simulate the attitude adjustment of the model in the wind tunnel and verify the supercritical bifurcation characteristics of the system and the effectiveness of the feedback and feedforward control.     

电传操纵飞机起飞着陆动态特性仿真研究

 以刚体系动力学理论为依据,结合飞机起飞着陆运动学特征,建立了起落架-机身组合刚体6自由度全量飞机方程。提出的阶跃跟踪驾驶员时域数学模型,有助于评价起飞着陆阶段人-机系统的飞行品质。然后建立机械操纵系统、电传操纵系统的数学模型,并编制非线性全量时域仿真程序,对起飞着陆动态特性做出了综合的全面的定量分析,其结果与试飞情况吻合。     

A data driven approach for detection and isolation of anomalies in a group of UAVs

The use of groups of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) has greatly expanded UAV’s capabilities in a variety of applications, such as surveillance, searching and mapping. As the UAVs are operated as a team, it is important to detect and isolate the occurrence of anomalous aircraft in order to avoid collisions and other risks that would affect the safety of the team. In this paper, we present a data-driven approach to detect and isolate abnormal aircraft within a team of formatted flying aerial vehicles, which removes the requirements for the prior knowledge of the underlying dynamic model in conventional model-based fault detection algorithms. Based on the assumption that normal behaviored UAVs should share similar(dynamic) model parameters, we propose to firstly identify the model parameters for each aircraft of the team based on a sequence of input and output data pairs, and this is achieved by a novel sparse optimization technique. The fault states of the UAVs would be detected and isolated in the second step by identifying the change of model parameters.Simulation results have demonstrated the efficiency and flexibility of the proposed approach.     

舰载机拦阻着舰动力学研究

舰载机拦阻着舰是舰载机有别于陆基飞机的主要特点,也是造成舰载机高事故率的主要原因。文章通过对舰载机着舰过程的分析建立了较完整的舰载机拦阻着舰动力学方程,并通过对拦阻力所在的拦阻平面研究,依据拦阻钩与拦阻索相对滑动所经历的时间进一步计算出舰载机撞索的安全范围。     

A homogenization-planning-tracking method to solve cooperative autonomous motion control for heterogeneous carrier dispatch systems

Taxiing aircraft and towed aircraft with drawbar are two typical dispatch modes on the flight deck of aircraft carriers. In this paper, a novel hierarchical solution strategy, named as the Homogenization-Planning-Tracking (HPT) method, to solve cooperative autonomous motion control for heterogeneous carrier dispatch systems is developed. In the homogenization layer, any towed aircraft system involved in the sortie task is abstracted into a virtual taxiing aircraft. This layer transforms the heterogeneous systems into a homogeneous configuration. Then in the planning layer, a centralized optimal control problem is formulated for the homogeneous system. Compared with conducting the path planning directly with the original heterogeneous system, the homogenization layer contributes to reduce the dimension and nonlinearity of the formulated optimal control problem in the planning layer and consequently improves the robustness and efficiency of the solution process. Finally, in the tracking layer, a receding horizon controller is developed to track the reference trajectory obtained in the planning layer. To improve the tracking performance, multi-objective optimization techniques are implemented offline in advance to determine optimal weight parameters used in the tracking layer. Simulations demonstrate that smooth and collision-free cooperative trajectory can be generated efficiently in the planning phase. And robust trajectory tracking can be realized in the presence of external disturbances in the tracking phase. The developed HPT method provides a promising solution to the autonomous deck dispatch for unmanned carrier aircraft in the future.     

Nonlinear adaptive and sliding mode flight path control of F/A-18 model

The question of inertial trajectory control of aircraft in the three-dimensional space is discussed. It is assumed that the nonlinear aircraft model has uncertain aerodynamic derivatives. The control system is decomposed into a variable structure outer loop and an adaptive inner loop. The outer-loop feedback control system accomplishes (x,y,z) position trajectory and sideslip angle control using the derivative of thrust and three angular velocity components (p,q,r) as virtual control inputs. Then an adaptive inner feedback loop is designed, which produces the desired angular rotations of aircraft using aileron, elevator, and rudder control surfaces to complete the maneuver. Simplification in the inner-loop design is obtained based on a two-time scale (singular perturbation) design approach by ignoring the derivative of the virtual angular velocity vector, which is a function of slow variables. These results are applied to a simplified F/A-18 model. Simulation results are presented which show that in the closed-loop system asymptotic trajectory control is accomplished in spite of uncertainties in the model at different flight conditions.     

飞机地面转弯和刹车响应动力学分析

 建立了飞机地面运动的数学模型,模型中考虑机体的六自由度运动和起落架弹性;基于滑移率控制方式建立了机轮防滑刹车模型。通过仿真得出了飞机地面匀速转弯和滑跑刹车的动态响应。其结果表明,飞机匀速转弯时,其峰值出现在初始非稳态时刻;弹性起落架在着陆和刹车过程中产生走步现象;采用滑移率控制方式使飞机在整个刹车过程中取得最佳刹车性能。     

基于无味卡尔曼滤波的飞机防滑刹车模糊神经网络控制

根据对飞机刹车过程动力学分析与建模,本文提出了一种基于无味卡尔曼滤波(UKF)的模糊神经网络控制律。本控制律结合了无味卡尔曼滤波对机体速度的良好估计效果和模糊神经网络控制器对不同系统参数的适应能力,能够很好完成对最佳滑移率的追踪任务。Matlab仿真试验结果显示,基于无味卡尔曼滤波的模糊神经网络控制器可以准确的估计飞机滑跑时的速度,改善飞机防滑刹车系统性能,提高刹车效率。     

飞机拦阻钩碰撞动力学和拦阻钩纵向阻尼器性能

 在考虑舰载机降落平台纵摇和横摇的基础上,建立了飞机拦阻钩六自由度碰撞反弹模型,得到了拦阻钩接触道面后反弹的动力学性能。分析了航母纵摇和横摇下拦阻钩碰撞反弹成因,并分别考虑了纵摇角和横摇角对拦阻钩反弹角速度及机身与道面给予拦阻钩碰撞冲量的影响;研究了拦阻钩碰撞后的反弹位移,在考虑拦阻索能顺利上钩的前提下,分析了拦阻钩纵向阻尼器的缓冲阻尼特性。结果表明：因航母横摇,碰撞后拦阻钩出现了左右的反转角速度及碰撞冲量;拦阻钩反弹后在自身重力作用下不能使拦阻索顺利上钩,在加入纵向阻尼器情况下,拦阻钩第1次反弹高度及回落时间均满足拦阻索上钩的条件。