Non-isothermal creep age forming of Al-Cu-Li alloy: Experiment and modelling

Non-isothermal Creep Age Forming (CAF), including loading, heating, holding, cooling and springback stages, is an advanced forming technique for manufacturing high performance large integral panels at short production period and low cost. However, the creep deformation and aging precipitation during heating stage is often neglected in experiments and modeling, leading to low forming precision. To achieve shape forming and property tailoring simultaneously, a deep understanding of the non-isothermal creep aging behavior and the establishment of predictive models are urgently required. A new five-stage creep feature of Al-Cu-Li alloy during the non-isothermal creep aging is observed. The microstructural interactions between the dislocations, solute atoms, Guinier Preston zones (GP zones) and T₁ precipitates are found to dominate the five-stage creep aging behavior. The physical-based model considering temperature evolution history is established to describe the five-stage creep feature. The springback and yield strength of non-isothermal creep age formed plates with different thicknesses are predicted and compared by non-isothermal CAF experiments and corresponding simulations. The CAF experiments show that the springback and yield strength of the non-isothermal creep age formed plate are 62.1% and 506 MPa, respectively. Simulation results are in good agreement with experimental results. The proposed model broadens the application of traditional CAF models that mainly focus on isothermal conditions.     

形变热处理LC4铝合金强度及应力腐蚀性能的研究

一、引言 应力腐蚀开裂敏感及疲劳强度较低,是高强度铝合金应用中面临的两个主要问题。应力腐蚀造成的低应力破断,常常引起灾难性后果。虽然过时效处理可以显著改善应力腐蚀敏感性,但同时也使合金的强度比时效峰状态有所降低,因此,不能充分发挥材料的性能潜力。形变热处理可以提高高强铝合金的强度,但对该类合金应力腐蚀及疲劳强度的影响,尚缺乏深入研究。     

Improved creep aging response in Al-Cu alloy by applying pre-aging before pre-straining

The improvement of post-form properties without compromising creep formability has been a critical issue in creep age forming of aluminum alloy component. A pretreatment process incorporating artificial pre-aging at 165 °C for 6 h/12 h/24 h followed by pre-strain(3%–9%)has been developed. This method not only evidently improves the strength but also accelerates the creep deformation during creep aging of an Al-Cu alloy. A strength increase of 50 MPa with a slight decrease of ductility relative t...     

FGH95粉末镍基合金热处理后的微观组织与蠕变性能

通过进行蠕变曲线测定和组织形貌观察,研究了FGH95粉末镍基合金的微观组织结构与蠕变行为。结果表明：合金经高温固溶、盐浴冷却处理后,组织结构是由细小的γ’相弥散分布在γ基体所组成,其细小（Nb,Ti）C碳化物在晶内及沿晶界不连续析出。在试验的温度和施加应力范围内,合金表现出明显的施加温度敏感性,并测算出合金在稳态蠕变期间的蠕变激活能和应力指数分别为Q=542．07kJ／mol和n=14．8。合金在蠕变期间的变形特征是孪晶和位错在晶内发生双取向滑移,其切入γ’相内的〈110〉超位错可分解形成（1／3）〈112〉超肖克莱不全位错＋层错的位错组态,发生孪晶变形的孪晶面为（111）晶面。晶界及沿晶界不连续析出的细小（Nb,Ti）C型碳化物可有效阻碍位错运动,是使合金具有较高抗蠕变能力的主要原因。     

Effects of RRA Treatments on Microstructures and Properties of a New High-strength Aluminum-Lithium Alloy-2A97

A new high strength 2A97 Al-Cu-Li-X alloy was subjected to triple-aging of retrogression and re-aging treatments (RRA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile tests were used to investigate the effects of RRA treatment on the microstructures and properties. DSC test reveals the reversion temperature range of the strengthening δ' (Al3Li)phase. The results show that the microstructure consists of δ' (Al3Li) phase, T1 (Al2CuLi) phase and θ"/θ'(Al2Cu) phase for 2A97 alloy treated by a triple-aging ora retrogression and re-aging treatment in the following order: (1) at 165 ℃×30 min, (2) at 220 ℃ or 240 ℃×15 min, (3) at 165 ℃×24 h. The plastic deformation, incorporated into the treatment after secondary high temperature aging, promotes the T1 precipitation during final re-aging. The tensile properties of the alloy treated by the retrogression and re-aging treatment reach the peak level of alloy single-aged at 165 ℃ in T6 temper.     

2324铝合金厚板内部残余应力分布特征及其影响

 采用了新改进的宏观应力释放法测定 2 32 4铝合金厚板内部残余应力,比较了 T39和淬火状态厚板残余应力分布特点,分析其成因,探讨了 T39状态特殊残余应力分布的成因及对加工性能的影响。结果表明 :T39状态残余应力分布特点为中心受压,与淬火态相反,且应力水平比淬火态低一个数量级,这导致了切削加工中特别的变形     

20Cr11MoVNbNB 钢高温蠕变过程中沉淀相的粗化动力学

对20Cr11MoVNbNB钢550℃、650℃蠕变过程中的沉淀相研究表明：M23C6和MC型碳化物是该钢的主要沉淀相;M23C6和MC的粗化均符合D-t1/4线性规律、受体扩散和位错扩散综合控制;M23C6的粗化速率比MC的大。     

热处理对激光增材制造TC4合金耐蚀性及室温压缩蠕变性能的影响

随着钛合金装备在航空、航天、航海等领域的使用逐渐增多,其服役环境日益严苛,对构件材料的抗腐蚀性能及室温应力蠕变性能提出了更高要求。针对钛合金耐蚀性及抗压缩蠕变的性能,分析了激光增材制造TC4合金不同热处理状态试样电化学及室温压缩蠕变性能,并结合蠕变曲线修正了蠕变第Ⅰ阶段本构方程的参数。结果表明,双重退火处理会显著减小增材制造TC4钛合金中α板条长径比与尺寸,而固溶时效可使α板条长径比增大、尺寸减小,导致了材料耐蚀性、屈服极限以及抗压缩蠕变性能的变化。沉积态合金经过固溶时效后自腐蚀电流降低64.92%,稳态蠕变应变率降低46.31%,蠕变应变降低50%。而经过双重退火后合金自腐蚀电流降低26.14%,稳态蠕变应变率提升111.20%,蠕变应变提升48.68%。相比于铸锻工艺制备TC4合金蠕变本构方程,修正后的拟合系数与蠕变曲线吻合度更高。     

Advances and challenges on springback control for creep age forming of aluminum alloy

Creep age forming(CAF) is an advanced forming technology that combines creep deformation and age hardening processes. When compared with the conventional forming technologies including roll bending and shot-peen forming, CAF has many advantages of low residual stress,excellent dimensional stability, good service performance and short production cycle. It is an optimal technique for precise manufacturing for shape and properties of large-scale complicated thinwalled components of light-weight and...     

Compression Creep Behavior of High Volume Fraction of SiC Particles Reinforced Al Composite Fabricated by Pressureless Infiltration

The compression creep deformation of the high volume fraction of SiC particles reinforced Al-Mg-Si composite fabricated by pressure-less infiltration was investigated. The experimental results show that the creep stress exponents are very high at temperatures of 673 K, 723 K and 773 K, and if taking the threshold stress into account, the true stress exponent of minimum creep strain rate is still approximately 5, although the volume fraction of reinforcements is very high. The creep strain rate in the high volume fraction rein- forced aluminum alloy matrix composites is controlled by matrix lattice diffusion. It is found that the creep-strengthening effect of high volume fraction of silicon carbide particles is significant, although the particles do not form effective obstacles to dislocation motion.     

Al-4Cu-1.3Mg-0.9Si合金的析出强化行为

通过硬度测试、差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析、拉伸性能测试和透射电镜(TEM)微观组织观察,研究了Al-4Cu-1.3Mg-0.9Si合金的析出强化行为。结果表明:合金具有较强的析出强化能力;合金在160～220℃下时效,随时效温度的升高,合金的时效响应速率加快,时效峰值硬度有所下降;合金在190℃时效态时,其主要析出相为S相,在190℃/24h时效态合金中还发现少量的方块状相;合金经190℃/24h时效后其常温和高温抗拉强度较同等条件下制备、同等热处理状态下的Al-4Cu-1.3Mg合金有明显的提高。     

Compression Creep Behavior of High Volume Fraction of SiC Particles Reinforced AI Composite Fabricated by Pressureless Infiltration

The compression creep deformation of the high volume fraction of SiC particles reinforced AI-Mg-Si composite fabricated by pressure-less infiltration was investigated. The experimental results show that the creep stress exponents are very high at temperatures of 673 K, 723 K and 773 K, and if taking the threshold stress into account, the true stress exponent of minimum creep strain rate is still approximately 5, although the volume fraction of reinforcements is very high. The creep strain rate in the high volume fraction reinforced aluminum alloy matrix composites is controlled by matrix lattice diffusion. It is found that the creep-strengthening effect of high volume fraction of silicon carbide particles is significant, although the particles do not form effective obstacles to dislocation motion.     

Ti3Al基合金板材的超塑性研究

研究非典型等轴细晶的两种不同轧制变形量的Ti3Al基合金热轧板的超塑性变形行为及其变形前后的显微组织。研究结果表明:该合金在超塑性变形过程中组织会转化为有利于超塑性的细小等轴组织。其在变形温度为940～1020℃,应变速率为2×10-4～2×10-3S-1时具有良好的超塑性,其最大伸长率可达859.5%,应变速率敏感指数达0.43,该合金超塑性变形的主要机制是晶界滑动,而且这种非典型等轴细晶条件下超塑性变形时晶内变形以及位错蠕变所起的作用比在等轴细晶态组织条件下的作用更为显著。对非典型等轴细晶的Ti3Al基合金热轧板,无需进行复杂热处理,也可以获得良好的超塑性,更具有工业意义。     

Precipitation behavior and properties of extruded 7136 aluminum alloy under different aging treatments

In this work, the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the extruded 7136 aluminum alloy treated by single-stage aging treatment (T6), retrogression and re-aging treatment (RRA), and multiple retrogression and re-aging treatment have been investigated by means of hardness measurements, electrical conductivity tests and tensile tests. The results have shown that the properties of the 7136 alloy such as hardness, tensile strength and electrical conductivity were sensitive to retrogression time (within 90 min). With prolonging the retrogression time, the tensile strength was enhanced first and then decreased, yet the electrical conductivity was continuously increased. The 60 min-treated alloy performed the highest tensile strength (716 MPa), whereas the 90 min-treated alloy possessed the highest electrical conductivity (33.95%IACS). Compared with the T6-treated alloy, the tensile strength and electrical conductivity were improved by 3.3% and 18.9%, respectively. The electrical conductivity showed an obvious increase with repetitious times of the RRA treatment. After 3RRA60 treatment, a good combination of tensile strength (705 MPa) and electrical conductivity (33.20%IACS) can be obtained. Compared with the T6 condition, the tensile strength and electrical conductivity were improved by 1.7% and 16.3%, respectively. The mechanism of microstructure evolution under different aging treatments has been discussed in detail.     

低Cu含量Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金的T78双级时效

采用拉伸和加速腐蚀试验,分别测试了预时效（180℃）+再时效（190、200、210℃）对一种低Cu含量Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金拉伸性能和晶间腐蚀的影响,结果表明,延长预时效和再时效时间或提高再时效温度,合金强度逐渐降低,同时,腐蚀类型按晶间腐蚀→均匀腐蚀→坑蚀顺序演化。其中,经预时效（180℃/2~8 h）+再时效（200℃/6 h或210℃/2 h）处理,合金抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为380~395 MPa、360~380 MPa和12%~15%,腐蚀类型为均匀腐蚀,实现强度与耐蚀性的良好配合。透射电镜观察表明,随着双级时效程度的增加,合金强度的降低源于基体β"相的减少及β'相和Q'相的增加;晶间腐蚀倾向的降低与晶界Q相大间距、断续分布有关;坑蚀的形成则与结晶Q相吸收周围析出相、形成基体无析出区有关。     

Ti-51.8at%Ni形状记忆合金中Ti_3Ni_4相的析出过程

 用透射电镜系统地研究了Ti-51.8at％Ni形状记忆合金在300～600℃时效时Ti_3Ni_4相的析出过程。结果表明:Ti_3Ni_4相以均匀成核方式从过饱和基体中弥散析出。时效初期,Ti_3Ni_4相为细小颗粒状;随时效时间延长或时效温度升高,Ti_3Ni_4相逐渐长大为透镜片状,最终粗化为粗片状。Ti_3Ni_4相通常与基体保持良好的共格关系,其共格应变场衬度随Ti_3Ni_4相尺寸增大而变化,至Ti_3Ni_4相聚集粗化后,与基体的共格关系逐渐丧失,并在其周围基体中产生位错,位错的柏氏矢量为1/2(111)_(B2)或1/2(111)_(B2)。     

Through-thickness heterogeneity in creep properties of friction stir welding 7B50-T7451 aluminum alloy thick plate joint: Experiments and modeling

Through-thickness heterogeneity in creep properties of 7B50-T7451 aluminum alloy Friction Stir Welding(FSW) joints was investigated. Creep tests for three slices of the FSW joint were conducted at the temperature of 150–200 °C and applied stress of 60–225 MPa. The theta projection method was used to predict creep curves and minimum creep rate. The results show that the minimum creep rate increases and creep rupture life decreases with the increase of creep temperature and applied stress. Creep p...     

少量Cu对喷射沉积Al-Li合金显微组织与性能的影响

用喷射沉积方法制备了Al-Li合金及其含0.5%Cu的改型合金,进行了挤压和时效处理,测定了不同状态下这两种合金的显微组织和室温拉伸性能。结果表明,喷射沉积状态的Al-3.8Li-1.0Mg-0.4Ge-0.2Zr合金具有等轴细晶组织,析出Al4Li9和δ AlLi相,时效后析出大量δ' AlLi相;添加0.5%Cu使屈服强度提高30～48MPa,拉伸强度提高44MPa,性能提高的原因是Cu的固溶强化和Li在基体固溶度减少导致δ'相含量增加。     

基于归一化参数模型的涡轮盘和涡轮叶片蠕变分析

为完整描述构件3个阶段的蠕变变形计算,结合所发展的各向同性材料的归一化参数蠕变模型,进一步拓展到正交各向异性材料的归一化参数蠕变模型并进行适用性验证。应用所编制的子程序对高温材料涡轮盘和定向结晶材料涡轮叶片结构,进行了蠕变变形及应力松弛效应计算分析。结果表明：经过一定时间的蠕变变形,涡轮盘和涡轮叶片的高应力区会出现应力松弛。总体上轮盘的应力分布更加均匀,静力分析得到的轮盘中心孔、螺栓孔边和轮缘辐板过渡段处高应力区,由于存在蠕变变形,均出现较明显的应力松弛,但是盘中心孔处的应力松弛幅度较小,可能长时间处于高应力状态,应作为结构设计的危险部位重点考查;涡轮叶片也具有同样的应力松弛蠕变效应,特别是随着蠕变变形的增大,叶尖径向变形(位移)逐渐增大,在结构设计中,应考虑叶片叶尖与机匣长期工作径向碰摩而带来的不利影响。     

金属间化合物TiAl(W,Si)合金的蠕变行为和机制

 研究了 Ti-47Al-2 W-0.5 Si合金在 650～ 750℃区间的蠕变行为和变形机制。结果表明,合金 650℃蠕变寿命与施加应力之间符合线性的双对数关系,可用表达式 lg^t_f=10 lg^R+30来描述。蠕变寿命与最小蠕变速率之间满足 Monkman-Grant关系的修正式。合金的比蠕变强度与抗热腐蚀镍基高温合金 K438G相当。在700℃变载荷下蠕变时具有与恒载荷下蠕变相类似的特征。 800℃长期时效粗化合金组织,降低蠕变寿命。位错滑移和形变孪生是合金蠕变的主要变形机制。