Design and experimental performance verification of a thermal property test-bed for lunar drilling exploration

Chinese Chang'e lunar exploration project aims to collect and return subsurface lunar soil samples at a minimum penetration depth of 2 m in 2017. However, in contrast to those on the Earth, automated drilling and sampling missions on the Moon raise the risk of burning bits.Test-beds are required for testing the thermal properties of drill tools in a lunar environment. In this paper, a novel temperature measuring method based on thermocouples and a slip ring was proposed. Furthermore, a data acquisition system for a drilling process was designed. A vacuous,cryogenic, and anhydrous soil environment simulating the lunar surface was established. A drilling test-bed that can reach a depth of 2.2 m was developed. A control strategy based on online monitoring signals was proposed to improve the drilling performance. Vacuum and non-vacuum experiments were performed to test the temperature rising effect on drill tools. When compared with the non-vacuum experiment, the vacuum temperature rise resulted in a 12 °C increase. These experimental results provide significant support for Chinese lunar exploration missions.     

Drilling load modeling and validation based on the filling rate of auger flute in planetary sampling

Some type of penetration into a subsurface is required in planetary sampling. Drilling and coring, due to its efficient penetrating and cuttings removal characteristics, has been widely applied in previous sampling missions. Given the complicated mechanical properties of a planetary regolith, suitable drilling parameters should be matched with different drilling formations properly. Otherwise, drilling faults caused by overloads could easily happen. Hence, it is necessary to estab-lish a drilling load model, which is able to reveal the relationships among drilling loads, an auger's structural parameters, soil's mechanical properties, and relevant drilling parameters. A concept for the filling rate of auger flute (FRAF) is proposed to describe drilling conditions. If the FRAF index under one group of drilling parameters is less than 1, this means that the auger flute currently removes cuttings smoothly. Otherwise, the auger will be choked with compressed cuttings. In dril-ling operations, the drilling loads on the auger mainly come from the conveyance action, while the drilling loads on the drill bit primarily come from the cutting action. Experiments in one typical lunar regolith simulant indicate that the estimated drilling loads based on the FRAF coincide with the test results quite well. Based on this drilling load model, drilling parameters have been opti-mized.     

不同粒径分布模拟月壤承压特性试验研究

月壤的承压特性决定月面巡视探测器的行驶阻力和沉陷,是影响月面可通过性的主要特征之一。为了得出不同粒径分布的模拟月壤在巡视器地面载荷和月面载荷下的承压特性,通过压板试验获取了3种不同粒径分布模拟月壤的承压性能曲线与参数。分析表明:粒径分布对模拟月壤承压性能影响大,粒径粗且分布均匀的JLU-1模拟月壤承压能力最强,其次为JLU-3模拟月壤,而粒径细且分布窄的JLU-2模拟月壤承压能力最弱;3种模拟月壤的变形指数在其他模拟月壤的范围内,松软状态时接近月壤值,在小载荷作用且松软状态时变形指数小于1;3种模拟月壤的内聚模量在其他模拟月壤的范围内,但大于月壤值;松软状态时3种模拟月壤的摩擦模量在其他模拟月壤的范围内,中密和密实状态下均大于月壤值。研究结果对月面探测器行走机构的仿真和路径规划具有参考意义。     

Influence of lunar regolith compressibility on sampling performance of thick wall spiral drills

A 2 m class robotic drill was sent to the Moon and successfully collected and returned regolith samples in late 2020 by China. It was a typical thick wall spiral drill (TWSD) with a hollow auger containing a complex coring system to retain subsurface regolith samples. Before the robotic drill was launched, a series of laboratory tests were carried out to investigate and predict the possible drilling loads it may encounter in the lunar environment. This work presents how the sampling performance of the TWSD is affected by the regolith compressibility. Experiments and analysis during the drilling and sampling process in a simulated lunar regolith environment were conducted. The compressibility of a typical lunar regolith simulant (LRS) was measured through uni-directional compression tests to study the relationship between its inner regolith stress and bulk density. A theoretical model was established to elucidate the cutting discharge behavior by auger flights based on the aforementioned relationship. Experiments were conducted with the LRS, and the results show that the sampling performance is greatly affected by the flux of the drilled cuttings into the spiral flight channels. This work helped in scheduling reasonable drilling parameters to promote the sampling performance of the robotic drill in the Chinese Chang'E 5 mission.     

Analysis of Chang’e-5 lunar core drilling process

Chang’e-5 explorer successfully acquired lunar regolith core samples from depths of greater than 1 m of lunar surface. This study analyzed the lunar core drilling process based on the telemetry data, image information, and returned samples to optimize the sampling device design and enhance the understanding of the lunar regolith. In particular, a prediction method for the projected drilling path and local terrain fitting of drilling dip angle was proposed based on the flight events recorded during the core drilling process and the image information acquired before, during, and after sampling. The results revealed that the drilling dip angle of Chang’e-5 was approximately 2.3°, and the deviation of the drilling length and depth was less than 2 mm. For continuous drilling, a fusion method based on telemetry data and image information was applied to determine the demarcation point of drilling with and without the lunar soil. The position of the demarcation point implied that the drilling point remained at approximately 6 mm loose soil, thereby lagging the action of the force response. Additionally, a characteristic parameter comparison method was proposed for the lunar and ground drilling to analyze the status of the lunar soil. Furthermore, the analysis results revealed that the majority of the Chang’e-5 drilling samples were derived from 0–73.8 cm below the lunar surface and few samples were extracted below 73.8 cm, as the drilling encountered several rocky regions. Moreover, the drilling point exhibited two prominent stratification variations at ～28.7 cm and ～70 cm below the lunar surface. Ultimately, the preliminary relationship between sample dissected position in soft tube and drilling displacement was analyzed. The segmented estimation results can support research on subsurface lunar soil.     

Synthesis and characterization of geopolymer from lunar regolith simulant based on natural volcanic scoria

In this study, a new GVS（Ground Volcanic Scoria） lunar regolith simulant was produced. The similarity between GVS and lunar soil was proved by comparison with Apollo lunar soil samples and other commercial lunar soil simulants. Then, GVS lunar regolith simulant was investigated as the source material for preparing geopolymer to produce building material for lunar colony construction. To study the possibility of preparing geopolymer from GVS lunar regolith simulant and the optimum activator formu...     

月球风化层钻取采样过程密实度分类研究

钻取采样是月球风化层土壤样品获取的重要方式,密实度是重要的风化层月壤原位特性,对钻进过程中的策略制定有重要影响。本文结合钻取采样过程特点,提出了通过采样机构的力、速度、电流、温度等传感器获取的瞬时信息感知月壤密实度的方法,利用深度学习方法构建一类适应于可变长度序列数据的门控型循环神经网络,实现钻进过程月壤密实度在线分类。研究表明,该分类方法在风化层钻进过程中月壤密实度感知滞后时间约为33 s,对未知序列数据识别正确率大于89.36%,具有较高的分类精度和泛化能力。     

基于轮地作用参数和PLSDA方法的月壤力学性能评估

为评估在轨月球车周边环境月壤力学性能,以月球车辙信息、轮上载荷和滑转率作为基本参数,提出了16个二元及三元标识量,结合偏最小二乘判别方法(PLSDA)建立评估月壤力学状态模型。根据容重对模拟月壤力学状态进行分级,分别为松软状态、自然状态和紧实状态。应用轮壤相互作用试验台共采集247组试验数据,每种模拟月壤状态的试验数据按照2:1比例随机划分为校正集样本和预测集样本,最终校正集和预测集样本个数分别为166和81个。考虑到原始数据值相差大和所提出部分标识量包含冗余信息的特点,因此在建立PLSDA模型时,应用均值中心化预处理方法对原始数据进行数据预处理,并优选10个标识量建立识别月壤力学状态的PLSDA模型,对应的校正集的准确率和预测集的准确率分别为90.96%和90.12%。结果表明,应用PLSDA方法并结合月球车的车辙信息、轮上载荷和滑转率以及优选标识量所建立的评估月壤力学状态判别模型,其计算快速准确,可用于月球车在轨评估车轮前方月壤的力学特性和通过性能评估。     

基于华中数控系统的复合加工机床控制系统

为了提高机身大部件在装配过程中钻孔铆接的效率,并满足高精度制孔要求,设计了由五轴机床和末端执行器组成的自动化协同钻铆控制方案。机床本体及高精度转台采用华中数控系统控制,末端执行器采用倍福PLC程序控制。在明确钻铆需求后设计了基于工业网络的硬件组态和基于多软件平台的软件组态,并利用Microsoft Visual Studio开发平台编写了上位机集成控制软件。控制系统分别采用Ethernet和Ether CAT工业以太网实现上位机控制系统和华中数控系统、倍福PLC控制程序的通信连接。在集成控制软件中通过套接字进行以太网通信接口开发,并在复合加工机床上进行试验验证。该控制系统具有稳定性好、集成度高、响应快、效率高的特点,能够满足钻铆需求。     

基于月球车轮地作用地面力学积分模型的月壤力学参数辨识方法

月壤力学特性参数的研究可以使人们了解更多的星球地质学信息,也是进行月球探测车等设备开发以及未来从事人类月球活动的工程基础.利用月球车轮地作用测试平台和模拟月壤对6种不同尺寸和轮刺的车轮进行试验,利用传统压板试验和剪切试验测量土壤力学参数.针对月球车轮地作用地面力学积分模型进行耦合度和参数敏感度分析,进而将8个力学参数分...     

一种基于旋量理论的自动钻铆机调姿反解算法

运动学反解是实现机床运动控制的技术基础,也是提高运动精度的技术保证。根据飞机装配自动化钻铆的需求分析,以龙门式自动钻铆机为研究对象,基于旋量理论建立其运动学模型。采用Paden-Kalan子问题模型和自动钻铆机上下末端执行器的几何关系相结合的方法,提出了一种基于旋量理论的自动钻铆机运动学反解算法,并在CATIA中的DMU模块下对算法进行算例验证。结果表明:基于旋量理论的运动学反解算法正确,为自动钻铆机的运动控制提供了理论基础。     

模拟月壤对蓝细菌生长特性的影响

阐明地球生物在月球环境中的适应性是未来月球探索和基地构建所面临的重要课题,为此以蓝细菌为实验材料,对其在模拟月壤cas-1中的生长状态进行了研究,从生长速率、细胞形态、细胞色素含量等方面表征了月壤对蓝细菌适应性的影响。实验结果表明,四种实验蓝细菌的生长能够适应模拟月壤的影响,其生长速率在模拟月壤处理中保持与常规培养基相似的生长曲线;模拟月壤颗粒上附着生长的菌体形态与对照相比无明显变化;模拟月壤处理后的菌体内色素含量与对照条件下培养的结果无显著差异。该结果对于未来开发月壤资源和构建月球基地受控生态生保系统具有重要意义。     

月面巡视机器人快速安全路径规划

为提高月面巡视机器人自主探测任务的效率及安全性,提出了一种基于月面数字高程地图的大范围自主探测快速安全路径规划算法。首先根据获取的月面数字高程地图设计了一种地形可通过性分析方法,并生成了欧几里得距离地图（EDM）为安全路径规划提供参考。然后针对A^*算法解决月面巡视探测问题时搜索速度慢、未考虑路径安全性的问题,提出了FSA^*算法,改进了A^*算法的搜索机制以适用于月面大范围路径的快速搜索,并结合EDM地图设计了一种安全启发式函数,可使生成路径尽量远离危险区域,提高了巡视机器人自主探测过程的安全性。最后选取月球艾特肯盆地区域作为仿真场景,验证了该算法的有效性。     

双电机驱动消隙技术及其在数控设备中的应用

根据传动间隙对设备的影响,提出了一种采用双电机驱动消除机械间隙的新方法,并以伺服主从驱动技术为理论基础,论述了双电机驱动消隙技术的原理和实现手段。最后,介绍了在西门子840D数控系统和611D伺服系统环境下,双电机驱动消隙技术在自动制孔设备中的实际应用情况。     

Morphological Biosignatures from Subsurface Environments: Recognition on Planetary Missions

The Earth is inhabited by life not just at its surface, but down to a depth of kms. Like surface life, this deep subsurface life produces a fossil record, traces of which may be found in the pore space of practically all rock types. The (palaeo)subsurface of other planetary bodies is therefore a promising target in the search for another example of life. Subsurface filamentous fabrics (SFFs), i.e. mineral encrustations of a filament-based textural framework, occur in many terrestrial rocks representing present or ancient subsurface settings. SFF are interpreted as mineral encrustations on masses of filaments/pseudofilaments of microbial origin. SFF are a common example of the fossil record of subsurface life. Macroscopic (pseudostalactites, U-shapes) and microscopic (filaments) characteristics make SFF’s a biosignature that can be identified with relative ease. SFF in the subsurface are probably about as common and easily recognizable as are stromatolites in surface environments. Close-up imagers (～50 micron/pixel resolution) and microscopes (～3 micron/pixel resolution) on upcoming Mars lander missions are crucial instruments that will allow the recognition of biofabrics of surface- and subsurface origin. The resolution available however will not allow the recognition of small (～1 micron) individual mineralized microbial cells. The microscopy of unprepared rock surfaces would benefit from the use of polarizing filters to reduce surface reflectance and enhance internally reflected light. Tests demonstrate the potential to visualize mineralized filaments using this procedure.     

通用后置处理系统

对后置处理软件的通用化,模块化、标准化做了比较全面的、系统的分析和研究,并在此基础上提出了标准刀位文件和数据驱动式用户接口,为后置处理程序的商品化、工程化奠定了基础。     

无人机飞行控制与管理

从无人机工程研制的角度出发,介绍了工程中常用的无人机飞行控制与管理系统的组成、结构、功能与外部接口;分析了系统功能设计时在飞行控制、飞行任务管理与规划、机载设备故障判断与处理、遥控遥测管理以及任务设备管理等方面应考虑的主要问题;从系统控制权限逐步增大的角度论述了无人机典型的遥控控制、人工干预自动控制以及自主控制等控制方式的特点、适用情形和发展前景;讨论了系统研制过程中的控制律设计、控制与管理策略设计、软件开发和高逼真仿真试验等主要关键技术;最后,归纳了区别于有人机系统的显著特点以及通用化、综合化、智能化和网络化的发展趋势。     

Deriving the Absolute Reflectance of Lunar Surface Using SELENE (Kaguya) Multiband Imager Data

The absolute reflectance of the Moon has long been debated because it has been suggested (Hillier et al. in Icarus 151:205–225, 1999) that there is a large discrepancy between the absolute reflectance of the Moon derived from Earth-based telescopic data and that derived from remote-sensing data which are calibrated using laboratory-measured reflectance spectra of Apollo 16 bulk soil 62231. Here we derive the absolute reflectance of the lunar surface using spectral data newly acquired by SELENE (Kaguya) Multiband Imager and Spectral Profiler. The results indicate that the reflectance of the Apollo 16 standard site, which has been widely used as an optical standard in previous Earth-based telescopic and remote-sensing observations derived by Multiband Imager, is 47% at 415 nm and 67% to 76% at 750 to 1550 nm of the value for the Apollo 16 mature soil measured in an Earth-based laboratory. The data also suggest that roughly 60% of the difference is caused by the difference in soil composition and/or maturity between the 62231 sampling site and the Apollo 16 standard site and that the remaining 40% difference can be explained by the difference between the compaction states of the laboratory and the actual lunar surface. Consideration of the compaction states of the surface soil demonstrates its importance for understanding the spectral characteristics of the lunar surface. We also explain and evaluate data analysis procedures to derive reflectance from Multiband Imager data.     

Communication system and operation for lunar probes under lunarsurface

In the Japanese LUNAR-A mission, penetrators will be deployed to the Moon for global seismic measurement. The unique communication system between the subsurface probes under the lunar surface and the lunar orbiter is described. Radiowave propagation through a crater which is formed at the penetration is investigated by means of scaled measurements in a simulating environment. Acquisition and tracking sequence is optimized within limited power capacity of the probe to maximize contact time between the probe and the spacecraft     

航空发动机多状态寿命控制策略与仿真研究

航空发动机寿命控制是航空装备维修保障工作的重要内容,针对当前航空发动机状态寿命多、使用控制策略单一、状态寿命消耗浪费严重等问题,利用多目标决策模型,分别考虑多种状态寿命消耗约束,提出基于航空发动机多状态寿命的控制策略;在利用Simio 3D 构建发动机使用流程仿真模型的基础上,将所提寿命控制策略进行注入,验证所提策略的合理性和可行性。研究结果能够为航空装备使用单位和维修人员制定发动机寿命控制策略提供技术支持和方法参考。