Dynamic characteristics of a cyclic-periodic structure with a piezoelectric network

This paper deals with a cyclic-periodic structure with a piezoelectric network. In such a system, there is not only mechanical connection but also electrical connection between adjacent periodic sectors. The objective is to learn whether the presence of a piezoelectric network would change the dynamic characteristics of the system. The background of the research is about vibration reduction of a bladed disk in an aero-engine, and the system is simulated by a lumped parameter model. The dynamic equations of the system are derived, and then the analytical solution corresponding to the eigenvalue problem is given. The vibration responses to single traveling wave excitations(EO excitations) and multiple traveling wave excitations(NEO excitations) are studied.The results show that the presence of a piezoelectric network would change the natural frequencies of the system compared with those of the system with the piezoelectric shunt circuit. The forced response is sensitive to the connection type and the elements of the network. An energy analysis of the electro-mechanical coupling system has been performed to understand its dynamic behavior,and the following conclusion is obtained: a vibration reduction to excitations whose primary harmonic component is not zero can be achieved by a parallel piezoelectric network, while a reduction to other excitations should be based on a series piezoelectric network.     

激波结构内流动问题的气体运动论描述

从介观Boltzmann速度分布函数理论出发,发展计及分子粘性碰撞截面与扩散碰撞截面,可描述各流域一维气体流动问题的Boltzmann简化速度分布函数方程及其气体运动论数值计算方法。通过对不同Knudsen数下非定常激波管流动及不同马赫数定常正激波结构问题数值模拟,研究分析不同流区的激波突跃变化过程以及近连续流、稀薄过渡流特有的分子输运现象,揭示不同马赫数、不同分子模型的激波内流动与传热变化规律,证实基于Bo-ltzmann模型方程的气体运动论数值计算方法用于激波结构内流动研究的准确可靠性。     

A Lamb wave quantification model for inclined cracks with experimental validation

This paper investigates the influence of crack orientation on damage quantification using Lamb wave in plate structures. Finite element simulation is performed to acquire Lamb wave signal responses for different configurations of crack orientations and crack lengths. Two Lamb wave features, namely the normalized amplitude and the phase change, are used as damage sensitive features to develop a crack size quantification model. A hypothesis based on the geometrical influence on signal features is proposed, and the crack size quantification model incorporating the orientation angle is established using the hypothesis. An index of Probability of Reliable Quantification (PRQ) is proposed to evaluate the performance of the model. The index can be used to determine the sizing risk in terms of probabilities. A realistic aluminum plate is used to obtain the experimental data using piezoelectric (PZT) wafer-type sensors around a center through crack. The experimental data are used to validate the overall method. Results indicate that the proposed model can yield reliable results for size quantification of inclined cracks.     

失谐周期压电复合材料结构中的波动局部化研究

考虑力电耦合效应的影响,研究了层状失谐周期压电复合材料结构中的波动局部化问题。根据界面上力电连续条件,推导了结构中相邻单胞间的传递矩阵。以力场和电场变量为状态向量,给出了结构中局部化因子的表达式。作为算例,计算了结构中的波动局部化因子。计算结果表明,压电陶瓷的压电效应对周期压电复合材料的波动局部化特性有显著影响,压电常数越大局部化因子值越大,结构的局部化程度越强;结构的失谐度越大,频率通带区间内的局部化因子值越大,局部化程度越强。分析结果对于周期压电复合材料结构的优化设计和振动控制具有理论参考价值。     

压电陶瓷叠层作动器迟滞蠕变非线性自适应混合补偿控制方法

压电陶瓷叠层作动器的迟滞蠕变非线性特性严重影响了控制系统的稳定性及动态跟踪精度。针对其迟滞蠕变非线性补偿控制问题,提出了一种高精度动态补偿压电陶瓷叠层作动器非线性特性的自适应混合补偿控制方法,即迟滞蠕变前馈补偿与自适应滤波反馈补偿结合的前馈-反馈混合控制方法。采用改进的Prandtl-Ishlinskii（Modified Prandtl-Ishlinskii,MPI）模型对压电陶瓷叠层作动器迟滞蠕变非线性特性进行精细化建模,并得到其逆补偿模型进行前馈补偿。根据前馈补偿误差,采用自适应滤波反馈控制对输入信号进行实时调控,实现对压电陶瓷叠层作动器的迟滞非线性及lg（t）型蠕变特性的实时精确补偿控制。数值仿真与实验结果表明,相比于常规前馈迟滞蠕变补偿,所提出的自适应混合补偿控制方法可以有效降低压电陶瓷叠层作动器的迟滞补偿误差,极大提高了迟滞蠕变非线性动态跟踪精度以及自适应性。     

压电网络对叶盘结构气动阻尼的影响

首先通过引入气动影响系数,建立了振动相关气动力与系统振动位移成比例的线性模型。基于此导出了叶盘结构气弹耦合的线性振动方程。接着在叶盘结构中引入压电网络,建立了流 机 电耦合动力学方程;并采用集总参数等效模型研究了压电网络对叶盘结构气动阻尼的影响,对流 机 电耦合系统的特征值问题进行求解,获得了可作为系统气弹稳定性判据的模态气动阻尼比。研究表明,压电网络可以有效改善叶盘结构主要振动形式——节径型振动的气弹稳定性;通过对压电网络中电学参数进行优化设计,可以在较宽范围内提高叶盘结构的颤振边界;压电网络对弯曲振动模态气动阻尼的改善效果优于弯扭耦合振动模态。      

直升机后缘襟翼驱动器迟滞现象仿真与抑制

直升机后缘襟翼多采用压电驱动器作为驱动元件，但是在使用过程中压电驱动器迟滞会对其振动控制性能产生不利影响，因此针对压电驱动器迟滞开展了迟滞建模与抑制研究。通过实验研究了压电驱动器在不同驱动频率下的迟滞特性，采用Bouc-Wen模型对驱动器迟滞现象进行了建模，并采用粒子群算法（PSO）辨识模型参数，与实际测量迟滞曲线进行了对比，在10~60 Hz范围内所建立的迟滞模型能够较为精确地描述压电驱动器迟滞现象。建立了基于Bouc-Wen逆模型的前馈补偿控制与PID反馈控制相结合的复合控制策略，实验结果显示该控制策略能够在10~60 Hz较宽的频率范围内有效抑制该压电驱动器迟滞现象。建立了考虑驱动器迟滞的主动控制后缘襟翼振动控制动力学模型，并对中等速度稳态前飞条件下后缘襟翼振动控制性能进行了仿真，仿真结果显示驱动器迟滞会在一定程度上削弱振动控制性能，而采用复合控制可以提高后缘襟翼旋翼振动控制性能。     

斜爆轰波的波角和法向速度-曲率关系初探

为研究斜劈诱导斜爆轰波的波阵面弯曲效应，以期为斜爆轰的不稳定性及其演化规律提供新的见解，基于加权本质无振荡（WENO）格式空间离散和附加Runge-Kutta方法时间离散的求解器，针对不同的化学反应参数（释热量、放热速率和化学反应区参考长度）条件，开展斜爆轰波的数值计算研究。结果表明斜爆轰波沿波阵面的波角变化可分为3个区域：区域I，波角平滑减小；区域II，波角跃升后衰减；区域III，波角有规律振荡。波阵面法向速度-曲率关系在区域I呈现准垂直直线变化趋势，并伴随着爆轰波强度的不断衰减；在区域III则呈现出"D"形曲线，即由极曲线段、光滑水平变化段和拟线性变化段组成，为类胞格结构的周期性演变；区域II可认为是以上两个区域特征的耦合。不同的化学反应参数对斜爆轰波波阵面的弯曲效应影响存在较大差别。     

Hypervelocity impact induced shock acoustic emission waves for quantitative damage evaluation using in situ miniaturized piezoelectric sensor network

Manmade debris and natural meteoroids, travelling in the Low Earth Orbit at a speed of several kilometers per second, pose a severe safety concern to the spacecraft in service through the HyperVelocity Impact(HVI). To address this issue, an investigation of shock Acoustic Emission(AE) waves induced by HVI to a downscaled two-layer Whipple shielding structure is performed,to realize a quantitative damage evaluation. Firstly a hybrid numerical model integrating smoothparticle hydrodynamics and finite element is built to obtain the wave response. The projectiles, with various impact velocities and directions, are modelled to impact the shielding structure with different thicknesses. Then experimental validation is carried out with built-in miniaturized piezoelectric sensors to in situ sense the HVI-induced AE waves. A quantitative agreement is obtained between numerical and experimental results, demonstrating the correctness of the hybrid model and facilitating the explanation of obtained AE signals in experiment. Based on the understanding of HVI-induced wave components, assessment of the damage severity, i.e., whether the outer shielding layer is perforated or not, is performed using the energy ratio between the regions of ‘‘high frequency" and ‘‘low frequency" in the acquired AE signals. Lastly, the direct-arrival fundamentalsymmetric wave mode is isolated from each sensing signal to be input into an enhanced delay-andsum algorithm, which visualizes HVI spots accurately and instantaneously with different sensor network configuration. All these works demonstrate the potential of quantitative, in situ, and real time HVI monitoring using miniaturized piezoelectric sensor network.     

柔性结构振动控制的多尺度特征结构配置

对复杂柔性结构系统提出了一种多尺度特征结构配置方法,以实现结构振动的多尺度主动控制。通过反馈控制力改变结构的振动模态,使系统中不同敏感性部件的受扰振动以不同的速度趋于稳定,使敏感（关键）部件的振动能量快速迁移从而保证系统高精度的性能要求,同时使非敏感（非关键）部件的振动降低到允许范围。      

用热流探针测量激波速度

激波速度测量是激波管和激波风洞运行状态的一个重要参数,压电传感器或光学方法测速系统成本高,而传统电离探针在激波马赫数较低、波后温度达不到空气电离程度的情况下无法满足实验要求。提出了一种使用同轴热电偶作为测速探针来测激波速度的方法,弥补了电离探针在激波马赫数较低时的不足。介绍了同轴热电偶探针测速原理,并设计了测量激波速度的系统电路。通过信号放大电路锁定激波冲激信号,触发脉冲信号发生电路,实现了一种单通道、多测点的激波风洞测速系统。分别开展以温度与热流为触发信号的风洞实验,结果表明只有使用热流信号才能满足激波测速的时间要求。     

Flutter control of a composite plate with piezoelectric multilayered actuators

Active flutter velocity enhancement scheme is presented for lifting surfaces, employing Linear Quadratic Gaussian based multi-input multi-output controller with multilayered piezoelectric actuators. To numerically test the developed concept, a composite plate wing, surface bonded with eight piezoelectric bender actuators and sensors has been considered. A modal flutter control model is formulated in state-space domain using coupled piezoelectric finite element procedures along with unsteady aerodynamics and optimal control theory. The bending – torsion flutter instability has been actively postponed from 44.13 to 55.5 m/s using the energy imparted by the multilayered piezoelectric actuators. As the power requirement by these actuators is comparatively very low with respect to stack actuators, they can be employed in an integrated form to develop active lifting surfaces for real time applications.     

跨声速和超声速流中激波/边界层干扰数值模拟

对SST湍流模型中的Bradshaw常数a1进行了修正,并对跨声速和超声速流中激波/边界层干扰进行了数值模拟研究,空间离散采用二阶精度差值的低耗散通量分裂格式(LDFSS),时间离散采用对称高斯-赛德尔(SGS)算法。结果表明:在跨声速流动中,计算得到的壁面压力分布、分离区长度和速度剖面都与实验值吻合较好,而且很好地模拟了典型的λ激波结构;在超声速流动中,修正后模型的计算精度较原始模型有了较大改善,计算得到壁面压力分布和分离点的位置都和实验值吻合较好。     

TVD格式计算一维Euler方程间断解存在的几个理论问题

本文讨论了TVD格式按本文第二节A段意义推广到拟线性方程组的几个理论问题。指出:1.对于Riemann间断分解,Euler方程的解和Riemann不变量都没有TVD性质,因此不能将TVD格式自然推广;2.TVD格式是提高分辨率的一种途径,它不能保证得到物理解,能得到物理解的TVD格式一定是耗散守恒格式,因此将TVD格式推广时,必须保证格式是耗散的,否则仍会得到非物理解。并给出了一阶迎风格式,TVD2,UNO2得到的若干非物理解算例;3.非物理解现象只是发生在具有剧烈膨胀的单波区的计算上,而某些TVD格式若会得到非物理解,则一定发生在特征值变号的单波区的计算上。     

爆震波点火器管路传播过程数值模拟

为了进一步研究液体火箭发动机爆震波点火器的工作过程，结合实际试验发动机用爆震波点火器的工作条件，在混合比为3，初始氢氧混气压力为0．1MPa情况下，采用常用的两步显式MacCormak差分格式和有限速率化学反应动力模型，对爆震波点火器管路中爆震波的传播过程进行了数值模拟，研究了爆震波形成后在一维管路中传播特性及性能参数。从数值模拟结果来看，稳定传播的爆震波温度可达3500K，压力达到2MPa，其传播速度可达3430m／s，从爆震波形成到其传播到2m距离的出口，用时不到0．6ms。并与试验结果进行了对比分析，数值模拟结果和试验结果符合很好，为爆震波点火器的工程设计提供了理论依据。     

A wave model for dwarf novae

The rapid coherent oscillation during a dwarf nova outburst is attributed to an accretion-driven wave going around the white dwarf component of the binary system. The increase and decrease in the period of this oscillation is due to the change in the velocity of the wave as it is first being driven and then damped. Qualitatively, a large number of observations can be explained with such a model. The beginnings of a mathematical representation of this model are developed.     

Reflection of a moving shock wave over an oblique shock wave

The reflection of a moving shock wave over a wedge immersed in a still gas and the reflection of a wedge induced steady shock wave over symmetrical and asymmetrical reflecting surfaces have received intensive considerations since more than 70 years ago. Here we consider a different shock reflection problem—reflection of a moving shock wave over an initially steady oblique shock wave induced by a wedge immersed in supersonic flow. For the flow condition we considered, five moving triple points, with each connecting an incident shock wave, a reflected shock wave and a Mach stem, are identified. By using the reference frame co-moving with each triple point, the type of each shock wave of this triple point is clarified. The present study is significant in that it treats a new shock reflection problem leading to a new shock reflection configuration and showing potential applications in supersonic flow with unsteady shock interaction.     

Suppressing unsteady motion of shock wave by high-frequency plasma synthetic jet

Three Plasma Synthetic Jet Actuators (PSJA) under the high-frequency actuation are used to control the Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interaction (SWBLI), a high-speed schlieren image processing method based on spatial Fourier transform as well as snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition were used to study the control effect of high-frequency plasma synthetic jet on low-frequency unsteadiness of SWBLI. The analysis of the base flow shows that the separated shock wave actually has both large- and small-amplitude vibrations at low frequency. And the results revealed that the PSJA with an operating frequency of 2 kHz has the ability to reduce the energy of low-frequency component of shock wave motion, indicating that the 2 kHz actuation can effectively suppress low-frequency unsteadiness of the separated wave. Compared with the actuation frequency of 2 kHz, the energy of low-frequency component of the shock wave is enhanced under the 8 kHz actuation, which aggravates the low-frequency unsteady motion of the shock wave. It is likely that the actuation frequency is too high, thus the intensity of the precursor shock wave induced by PSJA becomes weaker. Additionally, as the 4 kHz actuation is applied, the pulsation of the separation region was enhanced, it is speculated that the actuation frequency is coupled with the oscillation frequency of the separation region.     

Controlled VLF wave injection experiments in the magnetosphere

Whistler-mode waves injected into the magnetosphere from ground sources (e.g., lightning discharge, vlf transmitters) are used to probe the distribution of ions and electrons in the magnetosphere. They also cause wave growth (vlf emissions) and precipitation of electrons. Bursts of X-rays (> 30 keV) and enhancements of D-region ionization are examples of precipitation effects caused by lightning-generated waves. Growing narrowband wave trains are triggered by manmade coherent waves. Growth rates of 100 dB s^-1 and total growths up to 30 dB have been measured using 5.5 kHz signals transmitted from Siple Station, Antarctica. Another source of coherent wave input to the magnetosphere are the harmonics from commercial power line systems. Power line harmonic radiation may suppress triggered emissions or change their frequency-time slope. Exponential growth of narrowband emissions is explained in terms of cyclotron resonance between the waves and trapped energetic electrons, with feedback included. Applications of wave injection experiments include: (1) study of emission mechanisms, (2) control of energetic particle precipitation, (3) diagnostics of cold and hot plasma, and (4) vlf communications.     

超声速流中三波结构的参数优化研究

对三波结构的参数进行了探讨，给出了在反射激波和主激波后一些气动力变量的比值存在极值，文中称这种结构为优化结构，当给定气流的马赫数时，理论上就可确定优化三波结构的入射激波强度和存在区域，这可为一些超声速气动装置的设计提供参考依据。