基于后缘小翼的翼型动态失速主动控制试验

针对旋翼动态失速导致的非定常载荷增加和失速颤振问题,开展了基于后缘小翼的翼型动态失速主动控制试验,试验雷诺数Re=7.0×10⁵,减缩频率k=0.097。采用动态压力测试手段,重点分析了后缘小翼不同振荡相位差、幅值、平衡迎角对翼型动态失速的影响规律。结果表明,后缘小翼能以振荡周期T的1/2为时间间隔,周期交替地改变翼型的气动性能,在后缘小翼与翼型振荡相位差为0°的条件下,实现了俯仰力矩峰值降低54.9%的控制效果,同时更大的后缘小翼振荡幅值能实现更好的非定常载荷控制效果,但过大的振荡幅值有可能导致失速颤振。后缘小翼振荡平衡迎角的引入能起到调节升力系数、气动阻尼的作用。     

后缘小翼对旋翼气动特性的控制机理及参数分析

针对后缘小翼（TEF）的典型运动参数对旋翼气动特性的控制进行了分析研究。为克服变形网格方法可能导致网格畸变的不足,发展了一套适用于前飞状态带后缘小翼旋翼的运动嵌套网格方法。基于非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（URANS）方程、k-ω剪切应力输运（SST）湍流模型和Roe-MUSCL插值格式,采用含LU-SGS隐式推进的双时间方法及并行技术,建立了一套适用于带有后缘小翼控制的旋翼前飞非定常流动特性模拟的高效CFD方法。以带后缘小翼的SMART旋翼为算例,对比了桨叶剖面等效法向力的计算结果,验证了CFD方法的有效性。着重开展了前飞状态旋翼后缘小翼的控制分析,在操纵量不变的情况下,分别研究了后缘小翼偏转幅值、偏转频率、安装位置及宽度等参数对旋翼气动力的影响特性,获得了典型参数对旋翼气动特性的控制规律。进一步研究了配平状态下后缘小翼对旋翼气动特性的参数影响。结果表明：后缘小翼可以充分发挥旋翼在前行侧的升力潜能,同时降低后行侧动态失速过程中旋翼的阻力和扭矩;在相同的旋翼拉力情况下,通过安装后缘小翼可以将旋翼阻力系数和扭矩系数分别降低17%和29%,升阻比提高14%。     

基于遗传算法的旋翼翼型综合气动优化设计

结合直升机飞行特性及旋翼工作气动环境,提出了适用于中型运输直升机旋翼翼型优化设计的目标函数及约束条件.在此基础上采用遗传算法,以"黑鹰"(UH-60A)直升机旋翼翼型SC1095为基础翼型,进行多目标、多状态以及多约束条件下的旋翼翼型优化设计.优化翼型同SC1095翼型相比弯度稍大,最大厚度略有增加.结果表明:优化翼型气动力特性在满足约束条件的情况下,零升力矩系数减小了57.2%,最大升力系数增加了3.7%,阻力系数减小了7.5%.同时,非定常动态失速状态下的气动特性也有一定的改善,阻力系数和力矩系数的发散范围均有明显的减小.此外,悬停状态计算结果表明:采用优化翼型构成的旋翼与SC1095旋翼相比,具有更高的悬停效率及更低的力矩系数.      

旋翼翼型非定常动态失速特性的CFD模拟及参数分析

构建了一套基于运动嵌套网格技术和可压缩RANS方程的旋翼翼型非定常流动特性模拟的高效、高精度的CFD方法。首先,发展了基于Poisson方程求解的围绕翼型的粘性贴体正交网格生成方法,并提出了基于最小距离法(MDM)改进策略的运动嵌套网格生成方法,克服了弹簧法可能导致网格畸变的不足;其次,为准确模拟由湍流分离和气流再附引起的气动力的迟滞效应,基于RANS方程、双时间方法和高阶插值格式,建立了旋翼翼型非定常气动特性分析的高精度数值方法,并采用能够较好捕捉气流分离现象的S-A湍流模型;再次,针对旋翼后行桨叶动态失速时桨叶剖面来流速度较低、迎角较大的特点,为解决低来流速度时L-B半经验模型在旋翼翼型非定常动态失速计算中的局限性,并克服可压缩方程对低速流场计算收敛困难和精度低的问题,建立了基于Pletcher-Chen低速预处理方法、FAS多重网格法和隐式LU-SGS方法相结合的高效数值方法。应用发展的方法,分别针对NACA0012、SC1095旋翼翼型静态和轻度、深度动态失速进行计算,精确捕捉了气动力迟滞效应以及翼型前缘脱体涡的产生、对流和脱落过程,验证了本文方法的有效性;最后,着重针对NACA0012动态失速状态,开展了振荡参数对旋翼翼型非定常动态失速特性影响的分析,研究结果表明翼型迎角平均值、振幅及减缩频率的变化均能引起迟滞效应的改变并使得气动力峰值发生有规律的前、后移现象等。     

带连续变弯度后缘操纵面机翼的动态失速减缓

主动偏转后缘操纵面可以减小翼型动态失速对气动特性产生的不利影响。研究连续变弯度后缘操纵面在减缓翼型动态失速方面的性能,利用CFD 结合动网格方法,计算NACA 0012 翼型在大幅度俯仰振荡时的非定常气动力;从减缓效果和能量需求两个方面,对比传统刚性操纵面和两种连续变弯度操纵面的动态失速减缓性能。结果表明：当后缘操纵面按正弦脉冲规律偏转时,可以推迟前缘涡的产生,加速后缘涡的发展,降低压力分布在后缘的峰值,进而减小动态失速时翼型的低头力矩极值;后缘操纵面的弯度构型会影响减缓效果,在相同的偏转策略下,弯度描述函数为2 阶多项式的连续变弯度操纵面的减缓效果最好,且能量需求最小。     

仿生正弦前缘对翼面动态失速的影响

动态失速导致叶片气动载荷急剧变化，造成振动载荷激增，桨叶寿命大幅衰减。针对动态失速问题，从座头鲸胸鳍在动态倾转下取得良好的流动特性获得启示，据此模化出仿生正弦前缘翼面（包含3种波峰和2种波长），旨在实现动态失速控制。借助三维非定常数值模拟方法，采用运动网格技术，基于SC1095旋翼翼型，研究了仿生前缘动态失速流动控制机理及运动参数和来流速度的影响。结果表明：正弦前缘大幅度降低俯仰力矩系数峰值和阻力系数峰值；前缘波峰越大、波长越小，阻力系数峰值与俯仰力矩系数峰值的抑制效果越明显，虽然升力系数峰值减小，但其减小量远小于前两者，例如其中一种仿生翼使俯仰力矩系数峰值减小了47.7%，阻力系数峰值减小了36.4%，升力系数峰值减小14.1%；在最大迎角附近，正弦前缘能够缓和失速特性，使载荷变化更为平缓；在高平均迎角、低俯仰频率、低马赫数下，仿生翼动态失速控制效果更强，相比较而言迎角振幅的影响较小。     

多片后缘小翼对直升机旋翼桨叶动态失速及桨毂振动载荷的控制

 减缓直升机后行桨叶动态失速发生、降低直升机桨毂振动载荷是提高直升机飞行速度、改进直升机飞行性能的重要途径。本文研究了直升机在高速高载情况下利用多片受控的桨叶后缘小翼对直升机的后行桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷同时进行控制的有效方法。建立了弹性桨叶和后缘刚性小翼的结构动力学模型。桨叶剖面气动载荷采用Leishman-Beddoes 二维非定常动态失速模型计算,后缘小翼剖面气动载荷采用Hariharan-Leishman二维亚声速非定常气动模型计算。采用伽辽金和数值积分相结合的方法求解旋翼系统的气弹响应。建立了有效的多片后缘小翼控制策略和控制方法,分析了3片后缘小翼的运动规律及对后行桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷的控制效果,结果表明利用多片小翼的运动是控制桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷的有效方法。     

旋翼翼型非定常动态失速响应的计算

基于旋翼非定常翼型气动模型,给出了计算分离流和深度失速状态下的翼型非定常升力、俯仰力矩的数值计算方法。该方法采用半经验指数响应公式,利用数值离散方法来求解翼型的非定常法向力和俯仰力矩。分别计算了NACA0012和SC-1095翼型上的非定常气动载荷,并与可得到的试验结果进行了对比,验证了方法的有效性。文中还讨论了缩减频率和马赫数对动态失速响应的影响;然后,这个模型被改进以适用于后掠流下的翼型动态失速响应计算,分析了后掠角对翼型动态失速响应的影响。最后,得出了一些结论。     

后缘襟翼对直升机旋翼翼型动态失速特性的影响

 针对带后缘襟翼的智能旋翼直升机典型襟翼参数对翼型动态失速特性的影响进行了研究。建立了带后缘襟翼的桨叶动态失速模型,考虑了襟翼与桨叶之间的缝隙和襟翼在运动过程中相对桨叶的凸起,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,研究了不同襟翼转轴位置和襟翼与桨叶的缝隙情况下的翼型动态失速特性,探讨了后缘襟翼激励幅值、时长和起始时刻对升力和俯仰力矩系数的影响。研究结果表明:后缘襟翼能够较好地改善翼型动态失速时的气流环境,并减缓动态失速发生;襟翼激励最优幅值在25°附近,最优激励范围在方位角为240°~360°之间;襟翼转轴后移导致襟翼运动时产生的凸起会使襟翼控制效果减弱;襟翼与桨叶的缝隙会影响翼型动态失速特性,但是缝隙的长度(弦长的2%以内)对襟翼控制效果的影响很小。     

变来流速度下旋翼翼型非定常气动特性分析

为分析变来流速度状态下的旋翼翼型气动特性,提出了利用翼型平移来模拟来流速度变化的数值方法.在此方法基础上,采用基于隐式LU-SGS(lower upper symmetric Gauss-Seidal)方法的非定常雷诺平均N-S(Navier-Stokes)(RANS)方程,模拟了SC1095旋翼翼型在定迎角 变来流速度及变迎角 变来流速度状态下的非定常气动特性.通过对比分析发现:翼型在变速度-定迎角状态下会表现出明显的非定常现象,产生了前缘分离涡,气动特性会出现明显的迟滞效应及波动现象,脉动速度越大,非定常效果越明显.并且基准速度越大,翼型气动特性的峰值越大;翼型迎角越大,非定常涡出现的也越早.考虑直升机旋翼翼型实际工作环境,在变速度-动态失速状态下,翼型最大迎角处的气动力会得到一定程度的削弱,在小迎角下的气动力得到一定程度的增强,且脉动速度越大,翼型的非定常特性也越强.      

Aerodynamic shape optimization for alleviating dynamic stall characteristics of helicopter rotor airfoil

In order to alleviate the dynamic stall effects in helicopter rotor, the sequential quadratic programming(SQP) method is employed to optimize the characteristics of airfoil under dynamic stall conditions based on the SC1095 airfoil. The geometry of airfoil is parameterized by the class-shape-transformation(CST) method, and the C-topology body-fitted mesh is then automatically generated around the airfoil by solving the Poisson equations. Based on the grid generation technology, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations are chosen as the governing equations for predicting airfoil flow field and the highly-efficient implicit scheme of lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel(LU-SGS) is adopted for temporal discretization. To capture the dynamic stall phenomenon of the rotor more accurately, the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model is employed to close the RANS equations. The optimized airfoil with a larger leading edge radius and camber is obtained. The leading edge vortex and trailing edge separation of the optimized airfoil under unsteady conditions are obviously weakened, and the dynamic stall characteristics of optimized airfoil at different Mach numbers, reduced frequencies and angles of attack are also obviously improved compared with the baseline SC1095 airfoil. It is demonstrated that the optimized method is effective and the optimized airfoil is suitable as the helicopter rotor airfoil.     

Parametric analyses on dynamic stall control of rotor airfoil via synthetic jet

The effects of synthetic jet control on unsteady dynamic stall over rotor airfoil are investigated numerically. A moving-embedded grid method and an Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) solver coupled with k-x Shear Stress Transport(SST) turbulence model are established for predicting the complex flowfields of oscillatory airfoil under jet control. Additionally, a velocity boundary condition modeled by sinusoidal function has been developed to fulfill the perturbation effect of periodic jet. The validity of present CFD method is evaluated by comparisons of the calculated results of baseline dynamic stall case for rotor airfoil and jet control case for VR-7 B airfoil with experimental data. Then, parametric analyses are conducted emphatically for an OA212 rotor airfoil to investigate the effects of jet control parameters(jet location, dimensionless frequency, momentum coefficient, jet angle, jet type and dual-jet) on dynamic stall characteristics of rotor airfoil. It is demonstrated by the calculated results that efficiency of jet control could be improved with specific momentum coefficient and jet angle when the jet is located near separation point of rotor airfoil. Furthermore, the dual-jet could improve control efficiency more obviously on dynamic stall of rotor airfoil with respect to the unique jet, and the influence laws of dual-jet's angles and momentum coefficients on control effects are similar to those of the unique jet. Finally,unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of rotor via synthetic jet which is located on the upper surface of rotor blade in forward flight are calculated, and as a result, the aerodynamic characteristics of rotor are improved compared with the baseline. The results indicate that synthetic jet has the capability in improving aerodynamic characteristics of rotor.     

Experiments on unsteady vortex flowfield of typical rotor airfoils under dynamic stall conditions

A new experiment for airfoil dynamic stall is conducted by employing the advanced particle image velocimetry(PIV) technology in an open-return wind tunnel. The aim of this experimental investigation is to demonstrate the influences of different motion parameters on the convection velocity, position and strength of leading edge vortex(LEV) of airfoil under different dynamic stall conditions. Two different typical rotor airfoils, OA209 and SC1095, are measured at different free stream velocities, oscillation frequencies, and angles of attack. It is demonstrated by the measured data that the airfoil with larger leading edge radius could notably decrease the strength of LEV. The angle of attack(Ao A) of airfoil can obviously influence the dynamic stall characteristics of airfoil,and the LEV would be effectively inhibited by decreasing the mean pitch angle. In addition, the convection velocity of LEV is estimated in this measurement, and the results demonstrate that the influence of airfoil shape on convection velocity of LEV is limited, but the convection velocity of LEV would be increased by enlarging the oscillation frequency. Meanwhile, the convection velocity of LEV is a time variant value, and this value would increase as the LEV convects to the trailing edge of airfoil.     

A methodology for simulating 2D shock-induced dynamic stall at flight test-based fluctuating freestream

A comprehensive methodology for simulating 2 D dynamic stall at fluctuating freestream is proposed in this paper.2 D CFD simulation of a SC1095 airfoil exposed to a fluctuating freestream of Mach number 0.537 ± 0.205 and Reynolds number 6.1 × 10~6(based on the mean Mach number) and undergoing a 10° ± 10° pitch oscillation with a frequency of 4.25 Hz was conducted.These conditions were selected to be representative of the flow experienced by a helicopter rotor airfoil section in a real-life fast forward flight.Both constant freestream dynamic stall as well as fluctuating freestream dynamic stall simulations were conducted and compared.The methodology was carefully validated with experimental data for both transonic flow and dynamic stall under fluctuating freestream.Overall, the results suggest that the fluctuating freestream alters the dynamic stall mechanism documented for constant freestream in a major way, emphasizing that inclusion of this effect in the prediction of dynamic stall related rotor loads is imperative for rotor performance analysis and blades design.     

基于充气前缘技术的旋翼翼型动态失速抑制

动态失速的发生会在直升机旋翼桨叶和桨毂上产生高的交变扭转振动载荷,并限制直升机高速重载状态下的使用包线。本文利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对基于充气前缘(ILE)技术的SC1095旋翼翼型动态失速抑制进行研究,分析了ILE抑制动态失速的控制机理,获得了ILE结构布置和充放气方式对动态失速的影响规律。研究表明:ILE可以有效抑制动态失速的发生;ILE最大膨胀程度越大,其抑制动态失速的效果越好,但膨胀程度过大后抑制效果开始减弱;ILE在翼型上仰至最大迎角时恰好达到最大膨胀状态,其对动态失速的抑制效果最好;ILE保持最大膨胀状态的时间长短对抑制效果影响不大;在翼型上仰至不同迎角时开始对ILE充气会对动态失速抑制有较大影响;ILE整流段与翼型连接位置对动态失速抑制有很大影响,整流段越长,抑制效果越好。     

GAW-1翼型前后缘变弯度气动性能研究

传统增升装置主要用于提高飞机起降气动性能。利用计算流体力学(CFD)的方法,引入了通用飞机翼型的前后缘变弯装置的概念,数值模拟了GAW-1翼型在爬升状态时,前缘变弯装置、后缘襟翼/副翼偏转以及前后缘装置综合偏转对翼型气动特性的影响。研究表明,前缘变弯装置可以有效地改善翼型的失速特性,失速迎角提高了3°左右,最大升力系数提高了4.56%;同时提高升阻比50%~120%;但在设计升力系数下,升力系数和阻力系数都略微减小。另一方面,后缘变弯装置可以改变最大升阻比所对应的迎角,以及在小迎角时,提高升力系数6%左右。翼型综合偏转可以在小迎角时增加升力系数,在大迎角时增加升阻比。