雷诺数对大型客机低速气动特性影响的试验研究

在哈尔滨气动院FL-9 增压风洞进行了某大型客机低速高雷诺数半模测力测压风洞试验,来流马赫数为0.2,增压范围为1~4个大气压。基于模型机翼平均气动弦长的雷诺数从2.9×106 到11×106。以此为基础主要分析了雷诺数对机翼纵向气动力特性的影响,结果发现雷诺数对升力线斜率、最大升力系数、失速攻角和失速特性都有影响。相对于增升装置打开后的高升力构型,雷诺数对巡航构型的影响更明显。     

地面效应下前/后掠翼气动特性研究

针对飞行器在地效区飞行时复杂的流场特性,通过求解定常可压N-S方程,改变机翼后掠角和地效区飞行高度,研究不同前/后掠角机翼在地效区内的气动特性。结果表明:在地效区内,随着后掠角的增大,机翼的升力系数和阻力系数呈现先增后减的变化规律,后掠角在0°附近时升力系数达到最大值,阻力系数在10°附近达到最大值;俯仰力矩系数随着后掠角增加而减小;展向流动在后掠角为0°时最小,展向流动随着后掠角增大或减小剧烈变化;机翼下洗角随着后掠角增大而减小,随着离地高度的减小而减小。研究结果可为地效飞行器的概念方案设计和优化提供理论依据。     

进排气对尾吊短舱布局飞机气动特性影响研究

在尾吊短舱式布局飞机设计中,发动机进排气对其他部件的气动影响是需要关注的重要问题,为了全面研究发动机进气与喷流对全机气动特性的影响,在某尾吊舱短舱布局飞机巡航条件下(H=11 000m、Ma=0.78)对流场开展了数值仿真研究,重点分析了短舱通气模型与带进排气模型的全机升阻力特性及流场分布情况。计算结果表明:采用近距尾吊短舱布局的飞机,发动机进排气对全机气动特性的影响主要体现在短舱与机翼的气动干扰方面,在所研究的迎角范围内(-2°～8°),发动机进气所带来的抽吸作用改变了机翼及短舱表面的压力分布,使得机翼上表面的负压区面积增大、短舱上唇口激波强度减弱,导致全机升力系数增加、阻力系数减小、升阻比提高,但这一气动特性的改善趋势随着迎角的增大而逐渐减缓。     

Numerical study of aerodynamic characteristics of FSW aircraft with different wing positions under supersonic condition

This paper investigates the influence of forward-swept wing(FSW) positions on the aerodynamic characteristics of aircraft under supersonic condition(Ma = 1.5). The numerical method based on Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes(RANS) equations, Spalart–Allmaras(S–A) turbulence model and implicit algorithm is utilized to simulate the flow field of the aircraft. The aerodynamic parameters and flow field structures of the horizontal tail and the whole aircraft are presented. The results demonstrate that the spanwise flow of FSW flows from the wingtip to the wing root, generating an upper wing surface vortex and a trailing edge vortex nearby the wing root.The vortexes generated by FSW have a strong downwash effect on the tail. The lower the vertical position of FSW, the stronger the downwash effect on tail. Therefore, the effective angle of attack of tail becomes smaller. In addition, the lift coefficient, drag coefficient and lift–drag ratio of tail decrease, and the center of pressure of tail moves backward gradually. For the whole aircraft,the lower the vertical position of FSW, the smaller lift, drag and center of pressure coefficients of aircraft. The closer the FSW moves towards tail, the bigger pitching moment and center of pressure coefficients of the whole aircraft, but the lift and drag characteristics of the horizontal tail and the whole aircraft are basically unchanged. The results have potential application for the design of new concept aircraft.     

双后掠鸭翼气动特性的数值模拟

首先针对具有中等前缘后掠角梯形鸭翼的缺点提出双后掠鸭翼概念,然后分别对安装梯形鸭翼和双后掠鸭翼的近距耦合鸭式布局的气动性能进行数值模拟研究,分析影响双后掠鸭翼气动性能的流动机理。研究表明：在大迎角时,对于双后掠鸭翼,具有较大前缘后掠角的外翼段可以使鸭翼涡在涡核破裂后仍能形成稳定集中涡并保持较高的强度,增加鸭翼本身的失速迎角,并通过诱导作用改善机翼外翼段流场,进而提高全机大迎角性能,但在小迎角时会破坏鸭翼附着流或前缘气泡涡的发展,造成略微的升力损失。拥有较大失速迎角的双后掠鸭翼在小迎角时具有较大的可用偏度,可以增强布局的抬头控制能力。双后掠鸭翼在满足隐身约束的前提下,超声速阻力较小,具有较好的超声速性能。     

An experimental investigation on static directional stability

A generic aircraft usually loses its static directional stability at moderate angle of attack (typically 20–30?). In this research, wind tunnel studies were performed using an aircraft model with moderate swept wing and a conventional vertical tail. The purpose of this study was to investigate flow mechanisms responsible for static directional stability. Measurements of force, surface pressure and spatial flow field were carried out for angles of attack from 0? to 46? and sideslip angles from ?8? to 8?. Results of the wind tunnel experiments show that the vertical tail is the main contributor to static directional stability, while the fuselage is the main contributor to static directional instabil-ity of the model. In the sideslip attitude for moderate angles of attack, the fuselage vortex and the wing vortex merged together and changed asymmetrically as angle of attack increased on the wind-ward side and leeward side of the vertical tail. The separated asymmetrical vortex flow around the vertical tail is the main reason for reduction in the static directional stability. Compared with the wing vortices, the fuselage vortices are more concentrated and closer to the vertical tail, so the yaw-ing moment of vertical tail is more unstable than that when the wings are absent. On the other hand, the attached asymmetrical flow over the fuselage in sideslip leads to the static directional instability of the fuselage being exacerbated. It is mainly due to the predominant model contour blockage effect on the windward side flow over the model in sideslip, which is strongly affected by angle of attack.     

带升力风扇飞翼布局开口机翼气动特性研究

为获得带升力风扇飞翼布局飞机因开口对机翼气动特性的影响规律,对平飞状态下开口机翼的气动特性进行三维气动仿真,分析升力系数、阻力系数和力矩系数随来流速度和迎角变化的特性.结果表明:随着来流速度增大,阻力和力矩呈上升趋势;来流速度一定时,随着迎角加大,升力系数增大,阻力系数先减小后增大;随着迎角增大,力矩系数先减小后增大再减小,且一直产生低头力矩.     

鸭翼-前掠翼气动布局纵向气动特性实验研究

前掠翼布局由于其潜在的优势,在未来战斗机的研制中将占有日益重要的地位.本实验通过可变前掠翼和鸭式前翼布局的风洞测力实验,重点分析比较了平板机翼在不同掠角下的纵向气动性能以及鸭翼的影响.实验结果表明,前掠翼在大迎角时能有效提高模型的升力系数,小迎角时其升阻比也略优于后掠翼.前掠翼布局能有效推迟失速,具有良好的失速特性;前掠角较大时,升力系数曲线在失速迎角附近有一个升力系数的"平台",该布局具有"缓失速"特性.距离主机翼较远的鸭式前翼(模型M2)在主机翼前掠和后掠情况下,均可改善整体布局的失速特性,增大失速迎角,增强前掠翼布局缓失速的特点.近距耦合鸭翼(模型M3)显著提高了模型在大迎角下的升力系数.另外,主翼前掠和鸭式前翼布局飞行器具有较好的机动性.     

舰载机折叠翼气动特性分析

折叠翼技术是舰载机与航母相匹配的关键,研究折叠翼的气动特性对舰载机飞行动态及安全性具有重要意义。基于离散化的思想对折叠翼进行建模,并利用计算流体力学CAE软件Fluent对其进行数值计算,从升力系数和阻力系数变化及压力分布分析舰载机折叠翼的气动特性。结果表明:当折叠角为75°时,外翼的升力系数及侧向力系数将达到最大,阻力系数最小;一旦折叠机构失效,外翼的折叠将导致机翼整体升力系数及阻力系数大幅度下降,气动特性变差;与折叠机构失效前相比,折叠后的机翼失速迎角变小,且在失速后升力系数有缓慢上升趋势。     

Continuous morphing trailing-edge wing concept based on multi-stable nanomaterial

Morphing technology is one of the most effective methods to improve the flight efficiency of aircraft. Traditional control surfaces based morphing method is mature and widely used on current civil and military aircraft, but insufficiently effective for the entire flight envelope. Recent research on morphing wing still faces the challenge that the skin material for morphing should be both deformable and stiff. In this study, a continuous morphing trailing-edge wing with a new multi-stable nano skin material fabricated using surface mechanical attrition treatment technology was proposed and designed. Computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to study the aerodynamic performance of the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing. Results show that the lift coefficient increases with the increase of deflection angle and so does the lift-drag ratio at a small angle of attack. More importantly, compared with the wing using flaps, the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing can reduce drag during the morphing process and its overall aerodynamic performance is improved at a large angle of attack range. Flow field analysis reveals that the continuous morphing method can delay flow separation in some situations.     

一种翼身融合飞行器的失速特性研究

翼身融合（BWB）布局飞行器作为下一代商用飞机的主要构型之一，越来越受到重视。对于翼身融合飞行器的研究主要针对其巡航状态的特性，而对其失速特性的研究较少。对一种翼身融合客机构型进行风洞试验研究，采用测力试验方法对其无增升装置的构型，以及具有翼梢小翼、前缘缝翼和机身上部双吊舱的组合部件构型下的纵向特性进行研究，特别是对其失速特性的分析，并通过二维粒子图像测试技术以及油流试验对其失速过程的流动机理进行研究。结果表明，无增升装置的基本构型下，翼身融合飞行器可以保持低速飞行，而各组合构型都具有提高最大升力系数的作用。对失速过程的分析表明，随着迎角的增大，飞机表面流场分离区域从翼梢开始逐渐向翼根以及机身发展，当外翼段完全处于分离区域时，飞机并不会马上失速，因为中心体同样具有提供升力的作用，且中心体的流动分离较外翼的流动分离更晚，所以当外翼在失速迎角出现升力损失时可以通过中心体的升力进行补偿，维持其低速飞行状态，真正的失速发生在中心体出现流动分离之后。     

民用支线飞机失速特性优化中关于机翼上表面涡流发生器的研究

飞机在飞行过程中迎角超过临界值后,机翼上表面原本附着的气流开始发生大面积分离,此时升力系数随着迎角的增大反而下降,这种现象称作失速。当飞机失速时,操控会受到很大的影响,是一种危险的飞行状态。某民用支线飞机在试飞中发现失速特性主要受滚转失速的影响,在达到最大升力系数之前就出现了不可接受的失速特性,失速进入过程中,副翼操纵效率降低较快,快接近失速时飞机出现急剧的滚转。涡流发生器在民机中有广泛的应用,可以改善机翼的流动分离从而提高失速特性,并且有改动小、可行性高等优点。拟通过在机翼上表面安装涡流发生器的方法来改善某民用支线飞机的失速特性。利用数值计算等方法设计出涡流发生器的位置、高度、偏角以及数量等参数。通过低速高雷诺数风洞试验来验证涡流发生器的实际效果,最后得出几种效果可观的涡流发生器方案。     

弹性变形对前掠翼气动特性的影响分析

针对弹性变形对前掠翼气动特性的影响,基于改进的CFD/CSD松耦合静气动弹性数值计算方法,在高亚声速条件下,对前掠角χ=10°,20°,30°的前掠翼纵向气动特性和副翼操纵效率进行了计算和分析。结果表明,迎角较小时,弹性翼的升力、升阻比和俯仰力矩较刚性翼大,大迎角时恰恰相反;随着前掠角的增加,机翼的弯扭变形和气动参数变化的程度愈加剧烈;在最大升阻比、迎角α=4°、副翼偏转角δ=20°时,弹性翼的副翼操纵效率略大于刚性翼。该研究可为前掠翼布局的设计提供借鉴。     

一种分布式电动飞机螺旋桨滑流影响机理

提出了一种分布式电推进螺旋桨飞机，采用二阶精度求解RANS方程的k-ω SST （Shear-Stress-Transport）湍流模型，基于多参考系（MRF）方法，针对低速特性进行数值模拟，得到了分布式螺旋桨滑流效应对全机气动特性的影响规律，重点对螺旋桨后方速度场及机翼表面压力分布进行分析。结果表明有滑流状态增加了全机升力和阻力，升力系数最大增量超过65%，且升力增量随迎角的增加而增大，改善了失速性能，增加了低头力矩；螺旋桨旋转增加了周向速度，改变了径向速度分布，增加轴向速度，高能量螺旋桨滑流改变了机翼当地升阻力特性；螺旋桨桨叶向上旋转一侧气流受上洗影响而局部迎角增加，另一侧局部迎角降低，越靠近桨盘位置，受螺旋桨洗流带来的影响越大；螺旋桨的旋转方向对螺旋桨两侧的机翼表面压力分布有较大影响，尤其是翼尖螺旋桨对全机气动性能影响较大。     

A study of morphing aircraft on morphing rules along trajectory

Morphing aircraft can meet requirements of multi-mission during the whole flight due to changing the aerodynamic shape, so it is necessary to study its morphing rules along the trajectory. However, trajectory planning considering morphing variables requires a huge number of expensive CFD computations due to the morphing in view of aerodynamic performance. Under the given missions and trajectory, to alleviate computational cost and improve trajectory-planning efficiency for morphing aircraft, an offline optimization method is proposed based on Multi-Fidelity Kriging (MFK) modeling. The angle of attack, Mach number, sweep angle and axial position of the morphing wing are defined as variables for generating training data for building the MFK models, in which many inviscid aerodynamic solutions are used as low-fidelity data, while the less high-fidelity data are obtained by solving viscous flow. Then the built MFK models of the lift, drag and pressure centre at the different angles of attack and Mach numbers are used to predict the aerodynamic performance of the morphing aircraft, which keeps the optimal sweep angle and axial position of the wing during trajectory planning. Hence, the morphing rules can be correspondingly acquired along the trajectory, as well as keep the aircraft with the best aerodynamic performance during the whole task. The trajectory planning of a morphing aircraft was performed with the optimal aerodynamic performance based on the MFK models, built by only using 240 low-fidelity data and 110 high-fidelity data. The results indicate that a complex trajectory can take advantage of morphing rules in keeping good aerodynamic performance, and the proposed method is more efficient than trajectory optimization by reducing 86% of the computing time.     

Prediction of aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft model with and without winglet using fuzzy logic technique

This paper describes the potentials of an aircraft model without and with winglet attached with NACA wing No. 65-3-218. Based on the longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics analyzing for the aircraft model tested in low subsonic wind tunnel, the lift coefficient (CL) and drag coefficient (CD) were investigated respectively. Wind tunnel test results were obtained for CL and CD versus the angle of attack α for three Reynolds numbers Re (1.7×¹⁰⁵, 2.1×¹⁰⁵, and 2.5×¹⁰⁵) and three configurations (configuration 1: without winglet, configuration 2: winglet at 0° and configuration 3: winglet at 60°). Compared with conventional technique, fuzzy logic technique is more efficient for the representation, manipulation and utilization. Therefore, the primary purpose of this work was to investigate the relationship between lift coefficients and drag coefficients with free-stream velocities and angle of attacks, and to illustrate how fuzzy expert system (FES) might play an important role in prediction of aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft model with the addition of winglet. In this paper, an FES model was developed to predict the lift and drag coefficients of the aircraft model with winglet at 60°. The mean relative error of measured and predicted values (from FES model) were 6.52% for lift coefficient and 4.74% for drag coefficient. For all parameters, the relative error of predicted values was found to be less than the acceptable limits (10%). The goodness of fit of prediction (from FES model) values were found as 0.94 for lift coefficient and 0.98 for drag coefficient which were close to 1.0 as expected.     

非稳定动态过程非定常气动力建模

现有的大迎角非定常气动力建模方法，通常是以一个或多个频率的稳定振动试验数据来预测稳定滞环。然而，飞机快速机动如过失速机动的过程，不可能是持续的稳定振动，而是一个非稳定的动态过程。因此，这个过程中的气动力不会达到稳定滞环，而是始终处于进入滞环的初始非稳定过程中。基于振动理论分析得出，非定常气动力的动态响应过程存在非稳定和稳定两个阶段，传统建模方法着眼于稳定阶段，而飞机的真实机动过程在非稳定阶段。设计了一种适于非线性系统辨识的激励输入，并以最小二乘支持向量机（LS-SVM）方法为例，实现了在大迎角区幅值和频率范围内任意运动的非定常气动力建模。模型训练完成后，用来预测某机翼在不同基准状态下大迎角范围内做俯仰运动时的升力系数、阻力系数和俯仰力矩系数。结果表明，不仅稳定滞环实现了准确预测，进入滞环的初始非稳定过程也得到了准确预测；此外，基准状态对气动力在初始非稳定过程中的特性存在明显影响。进一步的验证还表明，基于稳定滞环数据只能预测到稳定滞环，无法预测进入滞环的非稳定过程。     

三维多段机翼地面效应数值模拟

 通过数值模拟方法研究多段机翼的地面效应,采用有限体积法求解质量加权平均Navier-Stokes方程,湍流模型选用Spalart-Allmaras模型,利用运动壁面边界模拟地面的相对运动。计算结果分析表明:随着飞行高度的降低,多段机翼的升力、阻力和低头力矩均减小;迎角、展弦比越大,地面效应越明显,升力损失越大;升力的减小主要是由于地面效应导致机翼下方静压增大的气流通过缝隙进入机翼上表面流场,使得机翼下翼面压力的增加量小于上翼面吸力的减小量;地面效应使机翼上翼面翼尖容易发生分离;翼尖涡沿着展向方向向外移动,机翼诱导阻力减小。该文研究结果可以为大型飞机的增升装置地面效应设计提供参考依据。     

四发螺旋桨滑流对某运输机气动特性的影响研究

四发螺旋桨飞机滑流影响区较大,需要准确获得滑流引起的升力、阻力和俯仰力矩特性的变化以评估飞机的飞行性能和品质.采用动力模拟风洞实验研究某运输机在滑流影响下的气动力特性,包括升阻特性、俯仰力矩特性和升降舵效率,并采用七孔探针技术测量平尾区的尾流场特性.结果表明:滑流对气流加速的效应使得飞机的升力、阻力均有增加,升阻比在典型巡航和爬升状态下分别降低了6％和20％;滑流随迎角的增加从下至上扫掠过平尾,使得俯仰力矩和升降舵效率出现明显的非线性变化.     

前/后掠机翼气动特性对比分析

基于NACA0012对称翼型设计了前掠机翼、后掠机翼和平直机翼,采用CFD方法计算了3种机翼的升力系数、阻力系数和俯仰力矩系数,通过压力云图和流线图分析了3种机翼的气动特性及流动机理。研究结果表明:前掠机翼上表面的流动是由翼尖流向翼根,翼根首先出现分离,而后掠机翼上表面的流动是由翼根流向翼尖,翼尖首先出现分离,平直机翼由于受翼尖涡的下洗影响,翼根首先出现分离;在30°斜掠角下,前掠机翼形成了机翼前缘涡,表现出旋涡流态气动特性。研究结果揭示了不同机翼之间的流动差异,有助于在飞行器设计过程中选择合适的气动布局。