激波控制鼓包提高翼型跨声速抖振边界

翼型抖振边界是仅次于升阻比的一项重要气动指标.采用定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,以升力线斜率平缓及激波位置振荡作为基本判据确定了RAE2822翼型在指定跨声速来流条件下的抖振边界.通过大量计算流体力学(CFD)验证,针对RAE2822翼型设计了一种特定外形的激波控制鼓包并确定了其具体安装位置.该激波控制鼓...     

微型凸起流动控制用于翼型的减阻特性研究

微型凸起作为减小阻力的一种有效措施已经备受关注.开展了等熵压缩"弱激波"干扰鼓包用于RAE2822超临界翼型的减阻作用机制研究以及NACA0012对称翼型表面脊状结构减阻特性的数值模拟研究.结果表明:通过鼓包参数最优匹配,可达到弱化激波、减小波阻、提高升阻比、延缓抖振边界等目的;同时,通过对比不同脊状结构、不同网格密度对计算结果的影响,总结了多个速度下脊状表面的减阻规律.所得结论为进一步开展微型凸起类流动控制用于机翼的减阻特性研究奠定了坚实基础.     

超临界翼型低雷诺数流动分析及优化设计

以高空长航时无人机(UAV)翼型研究为背景,对超临界RAE2822翼型在高空高亚声速下的低雷诺数气动特性进行了数值模拟及优化设计研究。采用求解雷诺平均N-S方程的有限体积法,对典型低雷诺数下RAE2822翼型绕流进行数值模拟,验证了SST k-ω湍流模型的可靠性和准确性;基于不同高度不同雷诺数下RAE2822翼型的计算气动力对比分析,研究了高度增大所带来的低雷诺数效应;通过对低雷诺数下超临界翼型表面流场结构及流动机理的详细分析,提出了一种弱化激波的翼型设计思想,并通过优化算例验证了该思想的可行性。     

无尾布局翼型的DISC设计研究

采用DISC方法耦合N-S方程求解程序研究了无尾布局翼型的设计。通过NLF1015,RAE2822翼型的反设计表明,该方法可用于亚、跨声速翼型设计,具有简单、计算量小的优点。完成了翼型改进和新翼型设计,对某BWB飞机内翼段翼型进行了改进设计,采用人工干预对现有翼型压力分布进行局部修正,达到快速削弱激波、改善翼型气动性能的目的;针对小展弦比翼身融合布局内翼段新翼型设计,采用基于多目标多约束压力分布优化的设计思想,得到满足气动和几何约束的目标压力分布。设计结果表明,数值优化目标压力分布方法较易满足总体与气动的设计目标和约束。     

减小翼型激波阻力的鼓包流动控制技术

针对2020年使用的N+2代民用飞机的翼身融合(BWB)布局发展需要,以减小激波阻力为目标,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,开展弱化激波、减小激波阻力的鼓包流动控制技术研究.提出了λ形激波结构“强干扰”和等熵压缩“弱干扰”两种鼓包激波减阻流动控制原理,给出了两种鼓包基本形状设计方法和工程应用的可行性分析,指出λ形激波结...     

开缝空腔抑制翼型跨声速抖振的数值模拟

采用非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(URANS)方法计算了18%双圆弧翼型的跨声速抖振特性,分析了翼面激波振荡及流场结构演化的特点,研究了在翼型表面开通气空腔抑制跨声速抖振的可行性,对空腔深度、开缝数目对激波振荡的抑制效果进行了对比分析。计算发现,18%双圆弧翼型的跨声速激波自激振荡只有向前的运动,没有向后的运动,开缝空腔能够抑制翼型跨声速抖振,但对抖振频率影响不大;空腔深度大,抑制效果好,但空腔深度变化对振荡频率影响不大;开2、3、4个槽缝抑制抖振的效果差别不大,开缝数量对抖振频率影响不大。     

超声速条件下等离子体合成射流对鼓包诱导流场的影响

为进一步提升鼓包进气道性能,通过唯象仿真方法,对超声速条件下等离子体合成射流对鼓包诱导流场控制效果展开了研究,验证了等离子体合成射流控制方法的有效性,并获得了激励器缝宽等参数对其控制效果的影响规律.研究发现:在超声速流场中,等离子体合成射流形成的诱导激波由对称的弓形激波逐渐发展为斜压缩波.对于缝宽为2mm的激励器,等离...     

Flow characteristics around airfoils near transonic buffet onset conditions

In transonic flow, buffet is a phenomenon of flow instability caused by shock wave/boundary layer interaction and flow separation. The phenomenon is common in transonic flow, and it has serious impact on the structural strength and fatigue life of aircraft. In this paper, three typical airfoils: the supercritical OAT15A, the high-speed symmetrical NACA64A010, and the thin, transonic/supersonic NACA64A204 are selected as the research objects. The flow fields of these airfoils under pre-buffet and buffet onset conditions are simulated by Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) method, and the mode analysis of numerical results is carried out by Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the shock wave motion, shock wave intensity, shock foot bubble and trailing edge separation, and pressure coefficient fluctuation were performed to attain deep insight of transonic buffet flow features of different airfoils near buffet onset conditions. The results of DMD analysis show that the energy proportion of the steady mode of these airfoils decreases dramatically when approaching the buffet onset angle of attack, while the growth rate of the primary mode increases inversely. It was found that at the onset of buffet, there exist different degrees of merging behavior between shock foot bubble and trailing edge separation during one buffet cycle, and the instability of shock wave and separation induced shear layer are closely related to the merging behavior.     

Shock control on a swept wing

Shock and boundary layer control by contour bumps and local boundary layer suction have been investigated experimentally and numerically on a transonic swept wing. Additional 2-D numerical investigations were performed for the airfoil, corresponding to the wing. The investigations were primarily stimulated by the question concerned with the influence of sweep on the bump effectiveness. This influence has been found to be rather small; the drag reduction by the bump is slightly lower for the swept wing than for the airfoil. A location of the bump in the shock region has shown its effectiveness for reducing shock strength and hence wave drag. A position of the bump downstream of the shock wave has been shown to reduce viscous drag and to postpone buffet-onset to higher lift coefficients. Furthermore, the results indicate that boundary layer suction is a powerful device for drag reduction, but the effectiveness decreases with increasing Reynolds number. Higher effectiveness of suction can be attained, when it is coupled with a contour bump. The parameters height and position (relative to the shock) of the bump, optimized in terms of drag, depend on the shock strength; an influence of the boundary layer thickness upstream of the shock on the optimal bump parameters has not been found. A possibility to control an adaptive bump, mounted on an aircraft wing, is to employ the trailing edge pressure.     

基于天线安装的菱形翼无人机翼型优化设计

以菱形翼布局高空长航时(HALE)传感器无人机研究为背景,分析了翼型内部安装平面相控阵雷达天线的基本原理。通过推导雷达探测性能的估算方程,建立了在翼型中安装平面相控阵雷达天线的数学模型。采用数值模拟的方法,对典型雷诺数下的RAE2822翼型的气动特性进行了研究并与试验数据进行了对比,验证了使用有限体积法k-ωSST(Shear Stress Transport)湍流模型求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程在这一状态下的可靠性和适用性;同时对不同厚度的NACA 64A系列翼型的流场结构和流动机理进行了分析,在此基础上提出了一种满足平面相控阵雷达天线安装情况下翼型的优化设计思想。优化结果验证了这一设计思想的可行性。     

基于DFFD技术的翼型气动优化设计

开展了直接操作自由变形（DFFD）技术在翼型参数化及翼型气动外形优化设计中的应用研究,应用该方法可以对翼型形状进行直接操纵和精细的局部修型,从而在一定程度上克服了自由变形（FFD）技术无法直接指定几何外形变形量的局限性。通过最小二乘模式根据翼型表面直接操作点的位移求解各个FFD控制点相应的位移,将翼型设计参数从FFD控制点转化为翼型表面的直接操作点,从而有效地减少了高阶FFD控制体进行翼型参数化时的设计参数个数。算例表明,相比于FFD方法,DFFD方法不仅具备直接操纵翼型几何外形的能力,更具物理直观性,并且比FFD方法具有更好的局部变形特性。运用该技术结合遗传算法对RAE2822翼型进行了气动减阻设计,显著减小了设计状态下翼型的阻力,并且可以有效施加如前后梁位置翼型厚度等工程实用的几何约束,证明了该方法的有效性。     

SMA鼓包迟滞建模与控制策略

激波控制鼓包SCB是一种减小激波阻力的流动控制技术。为了解决固定挠度鼓包工作范围较窄的问题,提出了一种具有双向记忆效应的形状记忆合金SMA鼓包,通过控制SMA鼓包的温度来改变其挠度。SMA鼓包最大可回复位移为6.1 mm,为鼓包变形区域的2.65%。针对迟滞现象对鼓包挠度控制的影响,基于（Krasnosel'skii-Pokrovskii,KP）模型对SMA鼓包的温度/挠度迟滞特性进行了建模研究。采用粒子群算法来辨识模型参数,辨识得到的迟滞模型最大误差为0.107 mm。设计了2种基于KP模型的PID控制方案,一种为无迟滞补偿的单目标PID控制,一种为迟滞逆模型前馈补偿的双目标PID控制。仿真与实验结果表明,迟滞逆模型前馈补偿的双目标PID控制时域性能优于无迟滞补偿的单目标PID控制。     

基于分布估计算法的翼型稳健设计(英文)

A transonic airfoil designed by means of classical point-optimization may result in its dramatically inferior performance under off-design conditions. To overcome this shortcoming, robust design is proposed to find out the optimal profile of an airfoil to maintain its performance in an uncertain environment. The robust airfoil optimization is aimed to minimize mean values and variances of drag coefficients while satisfying the lift and thickness constraints over a range of Mach numbers. A multi-objective estimation of distribution algorithm is applied to the robust airfoil optimization on the base of the RAE2822 benchmark airfoil. The shape of the airfoil is obtained through superposing ten Hick-Henne shape functions upon the benchmark airfoil. A set of design points is selected according to a uniform design table for aerodynamic evaluation. A Kriging model of drag coefficient is constructed with those points to reduce computing costs. Over the Mach range from 0.7 to 0.8, the airfoil generated by the robust optimization has a configuration characterized by supercritical airfoil with low drag coefficients. The small fluctuation in its drag coefficients means that the performance of the robust airfoil is insensitive to variation of Mach number.     

基于谐振舵面的跨声速抖振抑制探究

跨声速抖振引起的非定常脉动载荷会造成飞行器结构疲劳甚至引发飞行事故,所以跨声速抖振的控制研究逐渐成为航空领域的热点。采用基于Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)湍流模型的非定常雷诺平均方程开展了基于谐振舵面的跨声速抖振抑制研究。首先验证静止NACA0012翼型的抖振边界和频率特性,然后分别从舵偏平衡位置、舵偏幅值、频率以及相角等角度研究了谐振舵面的控制效果。舵偏平衡位置等效于减小了翼型的有效迎角;幅值和频率对抖振抑制效果影响较大,当舵面振荡频率与抖振频率接近时发生共振现象;相角对控制效果有一定影响,在270°相角附近,升力系数幅值减小了60%。在合适的舵偏幅值、频率以及相角组合下,谐振舵面有可能成为跨声速抖振的有效开环控制策略。     

基于高斯过程回归和遗传算法的翼型优化设计

针对高升阻比风力机翼型前缘曲率半径较大的问题,传统的翼型参数化方法前缘控制能力不足,且基于面元法XFOIL预测精度差的问题,利用增强类函数/形函数转换（CST）参数化方法控制翼型的形状变化、拉丁超立方实验设计、计算流体力学（CFD）流场计算模块、高斯过程回归模型和遗传算法,提出了基于高可信度Reynolds average Navier-Stocks（RANS）和高斯回归模型辅助遗传算法的翼型优化设计方法。结果表明:基于高斯回归模型的翼型优化方法,可以将优化所用CFD计算次数降低一阶,从而大幅度提升优化设计效率。由标准算例超临界翼型RAE2822的降阻设计表明,在百次量级的CFD次数阻力降低43.16%,激波被削弱且升力、力矩和面积严格满足约束。由风力机翼型NACA64618的最大化升阻比优化设计表明,所设计翼型不仅在设计攻角和副设计攻角处升阻比大大增加,在整个小攻角范围内其气动性能都得到了提升,且两个主设计点,无不良阻力的产生。      

后掠翼三维鼓包串激波控制参数的影响

针对跨声速后掠翼,三维鼓包串作为一种有效的减阻方式具有结构简单、高效及鲁棒性好等优点.利用全局优化算法探索了鼓包设计参数空间的整体特性,并对鼓包长度、三维鼓包展向设计参数对鼓包减阻效果的影响进行了研究,发现鼓包顶点位置和高度对阻力系数最敏感,三维鼓包的展向设计参数则对阻力系数不敏感,而鼓包长度和鼓包相对展长越长越有利于减阻.在此基础上开展了小后掠角自然层流机翼加3种不同类型鼓包串的优化研究,通过优化结果发现,增加优化后的三维鼓包串,可将小后掠角自然层流机翼阻力发散马赫数向后推移,并且鼓包平均长度和控制区越大,效果越好.三维鼓包串具有良好的局部控制特性,可用于局部较强激波的抑制.三维鼓包串对常规后掠翼波阻具有良好的控制效果,同时能够抑制激波诱导的机翼后缘气流分离.      

Self-sustained shock oscillations on airfoils at transonic speeds

Self-sustained shock wave oscillations on airfoils at transonic flow conditions are associated with the phenomenon of buffeting. The physical mechanisms of the periodic shock motion are not yet fully understood even though experiments performed over fifty years ago have demonstrated the presence of oscillatory shock waves on the airfoil surfaces at high subsonic speeds. The unsteady pressure fluctuations generated by the low-frequency large-amplitude shock motions are highly undesirable from the structural integrity and aircraft maneuverability point of view. For modern supercritical wing design with thick profiles, the shock-induced fluctuations are particularly severe and methods to reduce the shock wave amplitudes to lower values or even to delay the oscillations to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles will result in expanding the buffet boundary of the airfoil. This review begins with a recapitulation of the classical work on shock-induced bubble separation and trailing edge separation of a turbulent boundary layer. The characteristics of the unsteady pressure fluctuations are used to classify the types of shock-boundary layer interaction. The various modes of shock wave motion for different flow conditions and airfoil configurations are described. The buffet boundaries obtained using the standard trailing edge pressure divergence technique and an alternative approach of measuring the divergence of normal fluctuating forces are compared to show the equivalence. The mechanisms of self-sustained shock oscillations are discussed for symmetrical circular-arc airfoils at zero incidence and for supercritical airfoils at high incidence angles with fully separated flows. The properties of disturbances in the wake are examined from linear stability analysis of two-dimensional compressible flows. The advances in high-speed computing make predictions of buffeting flows possible. Navier–Stokes solvers and approximate boundary layer-inviscid flow interaction methods are shown to give good correlation of frequencies and other unsteady flow characteristics with experiments. Finally, passive and active methods of shock oscillation control show promising results in delaying buffet onset to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles, thus enhancing the transonic performance of airfoils.     

Passage shock wave/boundary layer interaction control for transonic compressors using bumps

Flow separation due to shock wave/boundary layer interaction is dominated in blade passage with supersonic relative incoming flow, which always accompanies aerodynamic performance penalties. A loss reduction method for smearing the passage shock foot via Shock Control Bump(SCB) located on transonic compressor rotor blade suction side is implemented to shrink the region of boundary layer separation. The curved windward section of SCB with constant adverse pressure gradient is constructed ahead of...     

基于卷积神经网络和多项式混沌方法的翼型鲁棒性优化

在常规的翼型优化设计方法中,设计点处最优翼型的气动性能会在非设计点处有所恶化,因此有必要对翼型鲁棒性优化方法进行研究。提出一种基于卷积神经网络和多项式混沌方法的翼型鲁棒性设计方法,首先搭建基于卷积神经网络的气动力预测模型;其次采用多项式混沌方法对马赫数和攻角进行不确定度量化,构建翼型鲁棒性气动优化设计系统;最后对以 RAE2822 翼型为基准翼型的气动优化设计问题进行优化设计验证。结果表明：本文提出的翼型鲁棒性设计方法可行,优化后翼型的气动性能和鲁棒性气动优化设计效率在较宽的设计范围内都有所提升。     

湍流模型系数不确定度对翼型绕流模拟的影响

使用非嵌入式多项式混沌方法研究了湍流模型系数的不确定度对RAE2822跨声速翼型绕流模拟的影响。计算中关注了数值模拟的积分量（升力系数、阻力系数）和局部量（壁面压力、摩擦系数和空间马赫数分布）的不确定度量化结果。首先,从单输入变量入手,研究卡门常数的不确定度对数值模拟的影响。然后,同时考虑Spalart-Allmaras模型中9个参数的不确定度带来的影响。通过多项式混沌展开,得到系统输出对不确定输入变量的响应,由此可以得到输出的统计特性,包括平均值、方差和极值等信息。最后,在多变量不确定度量化过程中,通过Sobol指标来量化每个输入变量的不确定度对输出不确定度的贡献程度。本文计算只考虑了RAE2822跨声速翼型模拟的单一计算状态,影响规律是否可以推及其他工况和算例需要进一步检验。