Influence of lunar regolith compressibility on sampling performance of thick wall spiral drills

A 2 m class robotic drill was sent to the Moon and successfully collected and returned regolith samples in late 2020 by China. It was a typical thick wall spiral drill (TWSD) with a hollow auger containing a complex coring system to retain subsurface regolith samples. Before the robotic drill was launched, a series of laboratory tests were carried out to investigate and predict the possible drilling loads it may encounter in the lunar environment. This work presents how the sampling performance of the TWSD is affected by the regolith compressibility. Experiments and analysis during the drilling and sampling process in a simulated lunar regolith environment were conducted. The compressibility of a typical lunar regolith simulant (LRS) was measured through uni-directional compression tests to study the relationship between its inner regolith stress and bulk density. A theoretical model was established to elucidate the cutting discharge behavior by auger flights based on the aforementioned relationship. Experiments were conducted with the LRS, and the results show that the sampling performance is greatly affected by the flux of the drilled cuttings into the spiral flight channels. This work helped in scheduling reasonable drilling parameters to promote the sampling performance of the robotic drill in the Chinese Chang'E 5 mission.     

Experimental Investigation of InSight HP<Superscript>3</Superscript> Mole Interaction with Martian Regolith Simulant

The InSight mission launches in 2018 to characterize several geophysical quantities on Mars, including the heat flow from the planetary interior. This quantity will be calculated by utilizing measurements of the thermal conductivity and the thermal gradient down to 5 meters below the Martian surface. One of the components of InSight is the Mole, which hammers into the Martian regolith to facilitate these thermal property measurements. In this paper, we experimentally investigated the effect of the Mole’s penetrating action on regolith compaction and mechanical properties. Quasi-static and dynamic experiments were run with a 2D model of the 3D cylindrical mole. Force resistance data was captured with load cells. Deformation information was captured in images and analyzed using Digitial Image Correlation (DIC). Additionally, we used existing approximations of Martian regolith thermal conductivity to estimate the change in the surrounding granular material’s thermal conductivity due to the Mole’s penetration. We found that the Mole has the potential to cause a high degree of densification, especially if the initial granular material is relatively loose. The effect on the thermal conductivity from this densification was found to be relatively small in first-order calculations though more complete thermal models incorporating this densification should be a subject of further investigation. The results obtained provide an initial estimate of the Mole’s impact on Martian regolith thermal properties.     

Multi-state autonomous drilling for lunar exploration

Due to the lack of information of subsurface lunar regolith stratification which varies along depth, the drilling device may encounter lunar soil and lunar rock randomly in the drilling process. To meet the load safety requirements of unmanned sampling mission under limited orbital resources, the control strategy of autonomous drilling should adapt to the indeterminable lunar environments. Based on the analysis of two types of typical drilling media (i.e., lunar soil and lunar rock), this paper proposes a multi-state control strategy for autonomous lunar drilling. To represent the working circumstances in the lunar subsurface and reduce the complexity of the control algo-rithm, lunar drilling process was categorized into three drilling states:the interface detection, initi-ation of drilling parameters for recognition and drilling medium recognition. Support vector machine (SVM) and continuous wavelet transform were employed for the online recognition of dril-ling media and interface, respectively. Finite state machine was utilized to control the transition among different drilling states. To verify the effectiveness of the multi-state control strategy, drilling experiments were implemented with multi-layered drilling media constructed by lunar soil simulant and lunar rock simulant. The results reveal that the multi-state control method is capable of detect-ing drilling state variation and adjusting drilling parameters timely under vibration interferences. The multi-state control method provides a feasible reference for the control of extraterrestrial autonomous drilling.     

月球钻取采样机构的钻杆结构与运动参数分析

针对月球钻取式自动采样机构空心外螺旋钻杆取样过程,分别建立了月壤内聚力和月壤内摩擦系数随月壤深度变化的数学模型,建立了钻进过程中钻杆运动参数(钻进速度和钻杆转速)与钻杆结构参数(钻杆螺旋升角、外径、槽宽比和螺旋槽深等)之间的关系。建模过程考虑了月壤物理和机械特性随钻进深度变化特性、钻杆钻进牵连速度及月壤微元相互间的抗剪性,使得钻杆参数符合月球钻取采样的实际工况。对模型进行了验证,利用该模型开展了钻杆结构参数对运动参数的影响分析,给出了钻杆结构参数对钻杆运动参数的影响规律,获得了钻杆结构参数的最佳取值范围。以钻杆转速与钻进速度比最小为优化目标,以结构参数为设计变量,基于遗传算法对钻杆结构参数进行了优化,优化后的钻杆转速与转进速度比降低了13.8%。该优化结果降低了系统能耗,提高了钻取采样输月壤效率,可为钻取式自动采样机构的设计提供理论依据。     

Analysis of Chang’e-5 lunar core drilling process

Chang’e-5 explorer successfully acquired lunar regolith core samples from depths of greater than 1 m of lunar surface. This study analyzed the lunar core drilling process based on the telemetry data, image information, and returned samples to optimize the sampling device design and enhance the understanding of the lunar regolith. In particular, a prediction method for the projected drilling path and local terrain fitting of drilling dip angle was proposed based on the flight events recorded during the core drilling process and the image information acquired before, during, and after sampling. The results revealed that the drilling dip angle of Chang’e-5 was approximately 2.3°, and the deviation of the drilling length and depth was less than 2 mm. For continuous drilling, a fusion method based on telemetry data and image information was applied to determine the demarcation point of drilling with and without the lunar soil. The position of the demarcation point implied that the drilling point remained at approximately 6 mm loose soil, thereby lagging the action of the force response. Additionally, a characteristic parameter comparison method was proposed for the lunar and ground drilling to analyze the status of the lunar soil. Furthermore, the analysis results revealed that the majority of the Chang’e-5 drilling samples were derived from 0–73.8 cm below the lunar surface and few samples were extracted below 73.8 cm, as the drilling encountered several rocky regions. Moreover, the drilling point exhibited two prominent stratification variations at ～28.7 cm and ～70 cm below the lunar surface. Ultimately, the preliminary relationship between sample dissected position in soft tube and drilling displacement was analyzed. The segmented estimation results can support research on subsurface lunar soil.     

Rayleigh Wave Ellipticity Modeling and Inversion for Shallow Structure at the Proposed InSight Landing Site in Elysium Planitia,Mars

The SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure) instrument onboard the InSight mission will be the first seismometer directly deployed on the surface of Mars. From studies on the Earth and the Moon, it is well known that site amplification in low-velocity sediments on top of more competent rocks has a strong influence on seismic signals, but can also be used to constrain the subsurface structure. Here we simulate ambient vibration wavefields in a model of the shallow sub-surface at the InSight landing site in Elysium Planitia and demonstrate how the high-frequency Rayleigh wave ellipticity can be extracted from these data and inverted for shallow structure. We find that, depending on model parameters, higher mode ellipticity information can be extracted from single-station data, which significantly reduces uncertainties in inversion. Though the data are most sensitive to properties of the upper-most layer and show a strong trade-off between layer depth and velocity, it is possible to estimate the velocity and thickness of the sub-regolith layer by using reasonable constraints on regolith properties. Model parameters are best constrained if either higher mode data can be used or additional constraints on regolith properties from seismic analysis of the hammer strokes of InSight’s heat flow probe HP³ are available. In addition, the Rayleigh wave ellipticity can distinguish between models with a constant regolith velocity and models with a velocity increase in the regolith, information which is difficult to obtain otherwise.     

基于自适应随机优化的连续阵风关键载荷预测

连续阵风载荷是构成民用飞机设计工况的主要载荷之一，在设计阶段，任意一轮的模型更新都涉及到上万种载荷工况的计算，然而其中仅个别工况构成载荷包线，需进行强度校核。为此发展了一套阵风关键载荷的快速识别方法。首先，采用二水平全因子（2LFF）采样获取得到初始计算工况，基于已计算得到的载荷值，结合多元自适应回归样条（MARS）建立一个可靠的代理模型；然后，在此基础上，开创性地应用自适应随机优化技术，实现对阵风关键工况及载荷的主动搜索；最后，以适航条款规定的侧向连续阵风载荷进行方法验证及参数影响研究。计算结果表明，本文建立的方法可以高效且准确地实现连续阵风关键载荷的预测，针对本文算例，关键载荷的预测值与基准值相比误差小于1%。     

使役条件下SiC_p/Al复合材料的建模拟实

基于有限元方法,通过Python语言开发了SiC_p/Al复合材料的参数化建模程序,利用ABAQUS图形用户界面(GUI)完成了建模过程的可视化,搭建了颗粒的大小、形状、体积含量和分布可控的快速建模拟实平台。利用此平台建立了SiC_p/Al复合材料基于微细观的代表性体积单元(RVE)有限元模型,并先后引入了颗粒的弹脆性断裂行为、基体的弹塑性断裂损伤行为和界面的拉伸-开裂行为,实现了SiC_p/Al复合材料的变形和断裂的全过程模拟。为研究使役条件下SiC_p/Al复合材料的构效关系,建立了颗粒体积含量为7%和14%的复合材料有限元模型,首先研究了拉伸过程中颗粒体积含量对复合材料变形和损伤行为的影响;然后将体积含量为7%的复合材料模拟压缩过程与拉伸过程进行对比,分析了在不同载荷条件下复合材料的变形和损伤机理。实践证明,所建立的SiC_p/Al复合材料参数化建模平台可用于颗粒增强金属基复合材料基于微细观的有限元建模,对复合材料强韧化机理分析和构效关系研究具有重要的价值。     

转子连接结构力学特性稳健设计

针对航空发动机转子结构具有质量/刚度分布不均匀、界面连接和承受大弯曲载荷等结构力学特性,分析了转子连接结构力学特性与界面接触状态之间的关联性,提出适用于工程设计的连接界面滑移和摩擦-疲劳损伤程度的界面接触状态、应变能和摩擦功等定量评估参数。建立了基于连接界面变形协调和转子应变能分布控制的转子连接结构力学特性稳健设计方法。结果表明:通过对转子结构几何特征参数进行优化,提高了连接界面在离心载荷作用下的变形协调性,改善了在工作载荷下转子弯曲应变能分布,可以减少连接界面摩擦-疲劳损伤,从而降低连接结构力学特性对载荷环境的敏感度,保证转子结构力学特性稳健。以高速转子系统中连接结构为例,通过仿真计算验证了带有界面连接的转子连接结构力学特性稳健设计的有效性。     

阵风载荷减缓系统故障分析

阵风引起的额外载荷会引起飞机结构疲劳,降低结构使用寿命。采用非定常气动力有理函数拟合方法建立时域状态空间下的动力学系统,设计了阵风载荷减缓系统。研究了阵风载荷减缓系统3种典型故障模式(副翼偏转饱和、舵机卡死、副翼偏转延时)的力学建模方法,并对机翼在阵风减缓系统故障模式下的阵风响应进行分析。仿真结果表明,3种故障模式均不利于阵风载荷减缓系统对阵风载荷的减缓,对于一些特定情况,故障模式下的阵风载荷减缓系统不仅不能减缓阵风载荷,还会带来由副翼偏转不当引起的额外负载。     

航空发动机承力系统抗变形能力评估

针对航空发动机承力系统的结构和力学特征,基于安全性设计要求,建立了整机承力系统抗变形能力的评估方法,分别从结构固有抗变形能力、稳态载荷下的抗变形能力以及瞬态冲击载荷下的抗变形能力3方面提出了当量刚度、间隙匹配系数、冲击放大系数3个评估参数.以典型高涵道比涡扇发动机承力系统为对象进行了抗变形能力评估.结果表明:以截面的等效刚度和承力系统最大等效刚度的比值作为结构当量刚度,以稳态载荷下整机系统各个截面的最小间隙与 最大间隙的比值作为间隙匹配系数和以瞬态冲击载荷与各个支点及安装节上支反力的最大峰值载荷的比值作为冲击放大系数,这3个参数均能较好地反映出整机承力结构的危险位置和极限载荷下的响应特征.最终的评估结果可以为承力系统结构方案设计和优化提供参考.      

行星减速器油膜均载的分析计算

运用流体动力润滑理论分析了油膜均衡行垦齿轮间载荷的机理,解释了共转滑动轴承的动态特性。利用数值方法求解了Ｒｅｖｎｏｌｄｓ方程。计算结果和试验结果有良好的一致性,并表明：共转滑动轴承的油膜柔度随载荷的增大而减小;随轴承间隙的增大而增大;随转速的增大而减小。     

Thermoelastohydrodynamic analysis of misaligned bearings with texture on journal surface under high-speed and heavy-load conditions

Hydrodynamic journal bearings are used to support the planetary gears in the transmission system of a Geared Turbo Fan engine, and they operate under severe working conditions, such as misalignment, high speed, and heavy load. Surface texture is regarded as an effective approach to improve mechanical properties under severe working conditions. However, the effects of surface texture on misaligned journal bearings under severe conditions have not been well studied. Therefore, a thermoelastohydrodynamic(TEHD) lubricating model with a textured and misaligned journal is presented in this study. Solid deformation, heat transfer between oil and the bearing, and heat convection between air and the bearing are considered in the model. The effects of cavitation and viscosity-temperature are also taken into account. The impacts of surface texture parameters and the misalignment angle on lubricating properties are investigated in the model. Results indicate that the bearing lubricating performance is greatly improved by optimal surface texture considering journal misalignment. The maximum oil film pressure and load-carrying capacity of a journal bearing increase with journal misalignment. Meanwhile, the oil film temperature increases sharply while considering misalignment.     

航空发动机高速滚珠轴承力学特性分析与研究

滚动轴承是航空发动机转子系统广泛使用的一种支承,其结构和力学特性对转子系统的动力特性有重要的影响,尤其是高速下更为显著。研究高速滚动轴承的力学特性具有十分重要的意义。本文利用拟动力学法,同时考虑径向负荷、轴向负荷、自身离心力以及陀螺力矩作用的影响,建立了高速滚珠轴承载荷分布的分析模型。研究了不同结构参数和载荷参数对滚珠轴承力学特性的影响,得到了滚珠轴承接触角、变形以及接触刚度的变化规律。最后,通过实验进行了验证。      

An Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Some Martian Regolith Simulants with Respect to the Surface Properties at the InSight Mission Landing Site

In support of the InSight mission in which two instruments (the SEIS seismometer and the \(\mbox{HP}^{3}\) heat flow probe) will interact directly with the regolith on the surface of Mars, a series of mechanical tests were conducted on three different regolith simulants to better understand the observations of the physical and mechanical parameters that will be derived from InSight. The mechanical data obtained were also compared to data on terrestrial sands. The density of the regolith strongly influences its mechanical properties, as determined from the data on terrestrial sands. The elastoplastic compression volume changes were investigated through oedometer tests that also provided estimates of possible changes in density with depth. The results of direct shear tests provided values of friction angles that were compared with that of a terrestrial sand, and an extrapolation to lower density provided a friction angle compatible with that estimated from previous observations on the surface of Mars. The importance of the contracting/dilating shear volume changes of sands on the dynamic penetration of the mole was determined, with penetration facilitated by the \(\sim1.3~\mbox{Mg/m}^{3}\) density estimated at the landing site. Seismic velocities, measured by means of piezoelectric bender elements in triaxial specimens submitted to various isotropic confining stresses, show the importance of the confining stress, with lesser influence of density changes under compression. A power law relation of velocity as a function of confining stress with an exponent of 0.3 was identified from the tests, allowing an estimate of the surface seismic velocity of 150 m/s. The effect on the seismic velocity of a 10% proportion of rock in the regolith was also studied. These data will be compared with in situ data measured by InSight after landing.     

月球风化层钻取采样过程密实度分类研究

钻取采样是月球风化层土壤样品获取的重要方式,密实度是重要的风化层月壤原位特性,对钻进过程中的策略制定有重要影响。本文结合钻取采样过程特点,提出了通过采样机构的力、速度、电流、温度等传感器获取的瞬时信息感知月壤密实度的方法,利用深度学习方法构建一类适应于可变长度序列数据的门控型循环神经网络,实现钻进过程月壤密实度在线分类。研究表明,该分类方法在风化层钻进过程中月壤密实度感知滞后时间约为33 s,对未知序列数据识别正确率大于89.36%,具有较高的分类精度和泛化能力。     

随机载荷作用下构件疲劳可靠性分析方法

 本文建立了用于随机载荷作用下构件疲劳可靠性分析的二维应力强度干涉模型。当影响疲劳强度的诸因素为随机变量时,给出了在二维应力强度干涉模型中考虑这些因素的方法,并用蒙特卡罗(MonteCarlo)方法求解了该模型。最后将上述模型应用于工程实际。     

A Pre-Landing Assessment of Regolith Properties at the InSight Landing Site

This article discusses relevant physical properties of the regolith at the Mars InSight landing site as understood prior to landing of the spacecraft. InSight will land in the northern lowland plains of Mars, close to the equator, where the regolith is estimated to be \(\geq3\mbox{--}5~\mbox{m}\) thick. These investigations of physical properties have relied on data collected from Mars orbital measurements, previously collected lander and rover data, results of studies of data and samples from Apollo lunar missions, laboratory measurements on regolith simulants, and theoretical studies. The investigations include changes in properties with depth and temperature. Mechanical properties investigated include density, grain-size distribution, cohesion, and angle of internal friction. Thermophysical properties include thermal inertia, surface emissivity and albedo, thermal conductivity and diffusivity, and specific heat. Regolith elastic properties not only include parameters that control seismic wave velocities in the immediate vicinity of the Insight lander but also coupling of the lander and other potential noise sources to the InSight broadband seismometer. The related properties include Poisson’s ratio, P- and S-wave velocities, Young’s modulus, and seismic attenuation. Finally, mass diffusivity was investigated to estimate gas movements in the regolith driven by atmospheric pressure changes. Physical properties presented here are all to some degree speculative. However, they form a basis for interpretation of the early data to be returned from the InSight mission.     

某直升机主减速器行星轮系功质比的区间多目标优化

针对某型直升机主减速器行星轮系功质比的优化问题,建立含有密度和啮合摩擦因数等不确定性参数的区间多目标优化函数及相应的约束函数,利用改进的区间多目标分层优化方法,得到多目标优化函数的最优结果区间和参数变量,对优化前后主减速器行星轮系的传动性能进行深入比较。根据优化结果设计直升机主减速器行星轮系的传动效率试验方案,试验结果表明:区间多目标优化后主减速器行星轮系质量减少6.2%,传动效率提高2.14%,且效率曲线变化随着载荷的波动更加趋于稳定,说明区间多目标优化方法应用于某型直升机主减速器行星轮系功质比优化方面的有效性。      

行星机构的可靠性分析与计算

行星机构的结构设计缺陷、制造与安装误差、支撑构件刚度不足等原因可能会使系统发生一定程度的偏载,从而会影响整个机构的使用寿命与可靠性。利用最小次序统计量的概念建立了行星齿轮系的可靠度计算模型,模型反映了偏载对齿轮系可靠性的影响。首先,对行星机构进行了详细的运动学和力学分析,计算得到了各个齿轮的随机载荷历程。根据Miner线性疲劳累积损伤法则,将随机载荷历程转化为等效恒幅载荷谱,并将其作为可靠性模型的载荷输入变量。然后,将特定齿轮的疲劳寿命数据进行统计处理,将统计结果作为可靠性模型的强度输入变量。最后,根据模型的计算结果定量地说明了偏载对行星齿轮系可靠性的影响程度,同时利用随机截尾数据处理方法对可靠性模型的有效性进行了验证。