Efficient prediction of ground noise from helicopters and parametric studies based on acoustic mapping

Based on the acoustic mapping, a prediction model for the ground noise radiated from an in-flight helicopter is established. For the enhancement of calculation efficiency, a high-efficiency second-level acoustic radiation model capable of taking the influence of atmosphere absorption on noise into account is first developed by the combination of the point-source idea and the rotor noise radiation characteristics. The comparison between the present model and the direct computation method of noise is done and the high efficiency of the model is validated. Rotor free-wake analysis method and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation are applied to the aerodynamics and noise prediction in the present model. Secondly, a database of noise spheres with the characteristic parameters of advance ratio and tip-path-plane angle is established by the helicopter trim model together with a parametric modeling approach. Furthermore, based on acoustic mapping, a method of rapid simulation for the ground noise radiated from an in-flight helicopter is developed. The noise footprint for AH-1 rotor is then calculated and the influence of some parameters including advance ratio and flight path angle on ground noise is deeply analyzed using the developed model. The results suggest that with the increase of advance ratio and flight path angle, the peak noise levels on the ground first increase and then decrease, in the meantime, the maximum Sound Exposure Level (SEL) noise on the ground shifts toward the advancing side of rotor. Besides, through the analysis of the effects of longitudinal forces on miss-distance and rotor Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) noise in descent flight, some meaningful results for reducing the BVI noise on the ground are obtained.     

Load distribution strategy for multi-lift system with helicopters based on power consumption and robust adaptive game control

It is of great significance to reasonably distribute the slung load to each helicopter while considering difference in power consumption, relative position and interaction comprehensively. Therefore, the load distribution strategy based on power consumption and robust adaptive game control is proposed in this paper. The study is on a “2-lead” multi-lift system of four tandem helicopters carrying a load cooperatively. First, based on the hierarchical control, the load distribution problem is divided into two parts: the calculation of expected cable force and the calculation of the anti-disturbance cable force. Then, aimed at minimizing the maximum equivalent power of helicopter, an optimization problem is set up to calculate the expected cable force. Specially, the agent power model is trained by BP neural network, the safe distance constraint between helicopters is set to 2.5 rotor diameters to reduce aerodynamic interference, and the helicopters with different performance can be considered by introducing the equivalent power factor into the objective function. Next, considering the difference and interaction between helicopters, the robust adaptive differential game control is proposed to calculate the anti-disturbance cable force. Particularly, to solve the coupled Hamiltonian equations, an adaptive solving method for value function is proposed, and its stability is proved in the sense of Lyapunov. The simulation results indicate that the proposed load distribution method based on power consumption is applicable to the entire flight trajectory even there are differences between helicopters. The game control can consider interaction between helicopters, can deal with different objective functions, and has strong robustness and small steady-state error. Based on the entire strategy, the cable force can be reasonably allocated so as to resist disturbance and improve the flight performance of the whole system.     

大型风力机复合材料叶片动态特性及气弹稳定性分析

采用参数化建模技术快速建立大型风力机复合材料叶片三维有限元壳模型,并在此基础上对叶片的固有动力学特性进行停机及以额定转速旋转两种工况下的模态分析,其中旋转工况考虑了离心力导致的应力刚化效应和旋转软化效应。通过编制插值程序,将CFD计算所得的叶片表面分布压力,导算到叶片结构计算的有限元壳模型上,并以此为载荷对叶片进行静气弹稳定性分析。以某初步设计的1.5MW风机为例的计算结果表明:在参数化三维壳模型建模基础上进行的模态分析技术与结合CFD的静气弹稳定性分析技术,有利于快速、准确地计算大型复合材料叶片的动态特性、识别叶片结构的薄弱部位,并预测叶片发生局部屈曲的可能性及其发生的位置。     

Force measurement using strain-gauge balance in shock tunnel based on deep learning

When a force test is conducted in a shock tunnel, vibration of the Force Measurement System (FMS) is excited under the strong flow impact, and it cannot be attenuated rapidly within the extremely short test duration of milliseconds order. The output signal of the force balance is coupled with the aerodynamic force and the inertial vibration. This interference can result in inaccurate force measurements, which can negatively impact the accuracy of the test results. To eliminate inertial vibration interference from the output signal, proposed here is a dynamic calibration modeling method for an FMS based on deep learning. The signal is processed using an intelligent Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) model in the time domain and an intelligent Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model in the frequency domain. Results processed with the intelligent models show that the inertial vibration characteristics of the FMS can be identified efficiently and its main frequency is about 380 Hz. After processed by the intelligent models, the inertial vibration is mostly eliminated from the output signal. Also, the data processing results are subjected to error analysis. The relative error of each component is about 1%, which verifies that the modeling method based on deep learning has considerable engineering application value in data processing for pulse-type strain-gauge balances. Overall, the proposed dynamic calibration modeling method has the potential to improve the accuracy and reliability of force measurements in shock tunnel tests, which could have significant implications for the field of aerospace engineering.     

基于粒子滤波的结构疲劳裂纹扩展动态贝叶斯推断方法

准确预测结构的疲劳裂纹扩展过程是开展飞机单机寿命监控与剩余寿命估算的基础。提出一种基于动态贝叶斯网络的结构疲劳裂纹扩展预测方法,结合疲劳裂纹扩展的先验知识与后验知识来准确地推断裂纹长度;研究粒子滤波算法中不同粒子数对动态贝叶斯网络推断精度的影响规律;通过对单孔板结构与耳片连接结构件在随机载荷谱下进行裂纹扩展研究。结果表明：动态贝叶斯网络方法可以对复杂结构的疲劳裂纹扩展进行准确预测,预测精度相对于传统方法提高50% 以上。     

Dynamic modeling and beating phenomenon analysis of space robots with continuum manipulators

Space robotics has been used extensively in complex space missions. Rigid-manipulator space robots may suffer from rigid-body collisions with targets. This collision is likely to cause damage to the space robot and the target. To overcome such a problem, a novel Continuum-Manipulator Space Robot (CMSR) for performing on-orbit servicing missions is proposed in this paper. Compared with rigid-manipulator space robots, CMSRs are able to perform compliant operations and avoid rigid-body collisions with a target. The CMSR consists of two kinds of flexible components, including solar arrays and continuum manipulators. The elastic vibrations of these flexible components disturb the position and attitude of CMSRs. The beating phenomenon introduced by the energy transfer among these flexible components can cause damage to solar arrays. The complicated dynamic coupling poses enormous challenges in dynamic modeling and vibration analysis. The dynamic model for CMSRs is derived and the mechanism of the beating phenomenon is analyzed in this paper. Simulation results show that an obvious beating phenomenon occurs and the amplitude of the solar arrays increases significantly when the natural frequencies of two kinds of flexible components are close. A method is provided to avoid the beating phenomenon.     

Sensor selection of helicopter transmission systems based on physical model and sensitivity analysis

In the helicopter transmission systems, it is important to monitor and track the tooth damage evolution using lots of sensors and detection methods. This paper develops a novel approach for sensor selection based on physical model and sensitivity analysis. Firstly, a physical model of tooth damage and mesh stiffness is built. Secondly, some effective condition indicators(CIs) are presented, and the optimal CIs set is selected by comparing their test statistics according to Mann–Kendall test. Afterwards, the selected CIs are used to generate a health indicator(HI)through sen slop estimator. Then, the sensors are selected according to the monotonic relevance and sensitivity to the damage levels. Finally, the proposed method is verified by the simulation and experimental data. The results show that the approach can provide a guide for health monitoring of helicopter transmission systems, and it is effective to reduce the test cost and improve the system's reliability.     

基于响应传递比的转子叶片动应变重构

提出基于响应传递比的转子叶片动应变重构方法,从系统应变频响特性出发,在频域获得应变-应变响应传递比关于模态振型的解析表达式,建立叶片已知测点应变与不可测位置应变的映射关系;开展高速旋转叶片动应变测量实验,建立叶片有限元模型,并采用转子叶片前4阶固有频率的实验结果修正有限元模型;开展考虑转速影响的转子叶片模态分析,提取对...     

Gust response analysis and wind tunnel test for a high-aspect ratio wing

A theoretical nonlinear aeroelastic response analysis for a flexible high-aspect ratio wing excited by harmonic gust load is presented along with a companion wind tunnel test. A multidisci-plinary coupled numerical calculation is developed to simulate the flexible model wing undergoing gust load in the time domain via discrete nonlinear finite element structural dynamic analysis and nonplanar unsteady vortex lattice aerodynamic computation. A dynamic perturbation analysis about a nonlinear static equilibrium is also used to determine the small perturbation flutter bound-ary. A novel noncontact 3-D camera measurement analysis system is firstly used in the wind tunnel test to obtain the spatial large deformation and responses. The responses of the flexible wing under different static equilibrium states and frequency gust loads are discussed. The fair to good quanti-tative agreements between the theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that the presented analysis method is an acceptable way to predict the geometrically nonlinear gust response for flex-ible wings.     

液体火箭发动机动态数据处理的小波分析方法

研究了基于小波分析的液体火箭发动机动态数据处理方法，给出了数据处理模型，应用小波奇异性检测和误差滤波理论，分析了动态数据的处理过程，并用某液体火箭发动机某次地面试车的动态测试数据进行了验证。结果表明，小波分析方法不需要过程误差的先验知识，能够同时完成异常数据的检测及相应误差的滤除任务，非常适合于液体火箭发动机的动态工作过程。     

Research on nonlinear model predictive control for turboshaft engines based on double engines torques matching

In order to reach a compromise between fast response control and torques matching control in double turboshaft engines, research on nonlinear model predictive control for turboshaft engines based on double engines torques matching is conducted. Meanwhile, a Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) method is proposed, which combines the control index of the power turbine speed with torques matching of double engines creatively. In addition to the control index, the difference of output torques between each engine is also incorporated in the objective function as a penalty term to ensure constant speed control and short torques matching time. Simulation results demonstrate that relative to unilateral torques matching, the settling time of the bidirectional matching method can be reduced by nearly 30.8%. Nevertheless, compared with the bidirectional torques matching method under the cascade PID controller, the NMPC method can decrease the overshoot of the power turbine speed by 65% and reduce the matching time by 15.5% synchronously. Besides fast response control of turboshaft engines, fast torques matching control of double engines is accomplished as well.     

船用大功率柴油机瞬态工况油气响应及燃烧特性研究

针对船用大功率柴油机瞬态性能提升的需求,开展了增压中冷船用大功率柴油机瞬态工况动态响应及燃烧特性实验研究。研究表明,涡轮增压器惯性导致的进气滞后是柴油机瞬态工况下性能恶化的主要原因;突加载工况下,进气量响应滞后供油量响应4~5个工作循环,且进气量响应速度随初始负荷增加而增加,指示平均有效压力（Indicated Mean Effective Pressure,IMEP）等燃烧特征参数加载过程中响应速度较快,波动较小;缸内燃烧过程恶化,燃烧重心和燃烧终点较同负荷下稳态工况值均推迟。     

基于模型检验的飞机系统安全性分析方法研究

传统的安全性分析方法,受到分析人员自身技能和经验等因素的影响,容易疏漏系统的失效状态或误判失效的影响。模型检验利用遍历算法,既可以从数学上保证搜索出系统的所有状态,不会发生疏漏;又可以利用计算机检验工具,实现自动分析过程,减少对分析人员技能和经验的依赖。将模型检验引入飞机系统安全性领域,提出了一种基于模型检验的安全性分析方法,以SAE ARP 4761标准附录中的机轮刹车系统为例,利用模型检验工具NuSMV对其安全性进行了分析,自动识别出导致某系统顶事件发生的最小失效组合,完成了传统故障树分析的目的。     

Interval analysis of rotor dynamic response based on Chebyshev polynomials

Uncertainty is extensively involved in the rotor systems of rotating machinery, which may cause an unstable vibrational response. To take the uncertainty into consideration for the uncertain rotor-bearing system, an improved unified interval analysis method based on the Chebyshev expansion is established in this paper. Firstly, the Chebyshev Interval Method(CIM) to calculate not only the critical speeds but also the dynamic response of rotor with uncertain parameters is introduced. Then, the num...     

基于数据关联性分析的飞轮异常检测

针对航天器早期故障在闭环系统下难以被检测、数学模型难以精确建立的问题,提出了一种基于数据关联性分析的归纳式系统异常监测(IMS)方法。该方法采用无监督学习的聚类算法,利用具有关联性的参数构建数据向量,通过聚类分析自动建立健康数据向量的族类阈值区间。关联关系的破坏将引起部分参数超出族类阈值区间,使系统的异常程度存在模糊性与随机性。引入云模型评价指标,将闭环系统异常程度的不确定性通过熵与超熵定量表示,从而更加准确地判断闭环系统的异常程度。仿真结果表明:该方法能够建立卫星飞轮闭环系统的族类知识库,并可以根据云模型提供的定性知识有效判断系统的异常程度。     

基于有理谱法的大气紊流仿真及应用研究

根据飞行仿真、控制律设计等应用需求,采用有理谱法建立了基于大气紊流Von Karman模型的有理式模型结构。对不同阶次有理式模型精度的对比分析研究表明,五四模型在整个频率范围内更为接近Von Karman模型。采用五四模型可更为精确地反映大气紊流高频特性对弹性飞行器运动及弹性振动特性的影响,并将五四模型应用于飞行仿真,分析了大气紊流对飞机纵向运动的影响。研究结果表明,该模型具有工程实用性。     

基于AHP-SPA方法的民机修理级别确定综合分析模型

民机保障性分析中的重要内容之一是修理级别分析(Level of Repair Analysis,LORA),现有的修理级别分析模型没有基于民机维修保障体制的特点综合考虑各类影响修理级别的因素。文章综合考虑修理级别分析的技术指标、经济指标和商业指标,将层次分析法(Analytical Hierarchy Process,AHP)与集对分析法(Set Pair Analysis,SPA)结合起来,建立民机修理级别分析综合评价模型,以实施经济性修理级别分析。并通过实例对AHP-SPA综合分析模型进行验证,表明了该模型的可行性,因此该文章的理论模型可为民机制造商和航空公司在修理级别确定方面提供理论参考和技术支持。     

Flutter and gust response analysis of a wing model including geometric nonlinearities based on a modified structural ROM

In this paper, a framework is established for nonlinear flutter and gust response analyses based on an efficient Reduced Order Model (ROM). The proposed method can be used to solve the aeroelastic response problems of wings containing geometric nonlinearities. A structural modeling approach presented herein describes the stiffness nonlinearities with a modal formulation. Two orthogonal spanwise modes describe the foreshortening effects of the wing. Dynamic linearization of the ROM under nonlinear equilibrium states is applied to a nonlinear flutter analysis, and the fully nonlinear ROM coupled with the non-planar Unsteady Vortex Lattice Method (UVLM) is applied to gust response analysis. Furthermore, extended Precise Integration Method (PIM) ensures accuracy of the dynamic equation solutions. To demonstrate applicability and accuracy of the method presented, a wind tunnel test is conducted and good agreements between theoretical and test results of nonlinear flutter speed and gust response deflection are reached. The method described in this paper is suitable for predicting the nonlinear flutter speed and calculating the gust responses of a large-aspect-ratio wing in time domain. Meanwhile, the results derived highlight the effects of geometric nonlinearities obviously.     

一种基于主成分分析法的发动机性能评估方法

为了能对发动机机队的性能进行视情维修管理和实时排序,利用多属性风险决策方法对高位空间进行降维处理,并根据性能参数中蕴含的客观信息建立主成分分析方法的综合模型。由该方法得出的综合指数可判断发动机的相对性能,为发动机性能评估提供依据。     

基于实验设计和响应面模型的风扇转子气动优化设计

针对跨声速风扇动叶中掠、弯结合叶片基于控制点的B样条曲线对积叠线进行参数化,以掠、弯为设计自由度,应用实验设计、三维粘性流场求解、响应面模型及遗传算法对Rotor 67以近尖峰效率工况点为设计点对风扇转子进行了气动优化设计,得到了前掠与弯向旋转方向的复合设计叶片,其总压比有较明显提高。但由于优化是在单一工况点下进行的,其变工况性能不佳。