翼身融合民机总体气动技术研究进展与展望

翼身融合（BWB）布局作为下一代亚声速民机主流方案已得到共识,研究步伐正在加快,进入工程应用指日可待。在回顾国内外BWB民机发展历程的基础上,简要阐述了飞翼布局（FW）和BWB布局的差异,明确了BWB概念特征及应用范围。聚焦BWB飞机总体气动设计中的技术挑战和对策,重点论述分析了BWB布局技术瓶颈及设计思想演化,新型结构与重量估算、适航符合性等总体设计问题,气动布局设计原则、高-低速性能协调等气动布局设计问题,飞-发干扰与一体化设计、新型发动机技术应用等飞机-发动机综合集成设计问题,降噪技术及其衍生的设计冲突、考虑噪声指标的总体设计策略等问题。并从技术进展和工程可实现性角度,展望了BWB民机的发展趋势。     

用于飞机概念设计的设计要求输入和初步定参数环境

为了在飞机概念设计过程中给新型号的设计要求组织和基本参数估算提供便捷且可扩展的工具而开发了设计要求与初步定参数环境(EDRIPS)。在这一环境中，设计可以通过友好的用户界面交互地输入飞机的性能要求、构造任务剖面和选取有效载荷，然后以此为基础从约束分析所得的可行域中选取设计点，进而利用一种改进的估算飞机起飞重量的方法进行任务分析以得到飞机的基本设计参数。介绍了各模块的实现措施和所采用的方法。最后通过对一个设计实例的分析验证了EDRIPS应用于飞机概念设计的有效性和可靠性。     

翼身融合布局民机高低速协调设计

翼身融合（BWB）布局作为一种创新的布局形式,成为未来民用飞机发展的热点。与传统布局相比,BWB布局具有综合优势,是以安全性、经济性、舒适性和环保性为发展目标的下一代大型民用飞机的理想布局。针对BWB布局低速飞行性能不易满足"绿色航空"发展目标的技术现状,分析当前BWB布局高低速综合设计中出现的问题和面临的挑战,提出了改善低速性能的应对策略。通过总体参数对高低速性能的影响规律研究,分析了影响高低速协调设计的各种因素,指出翼载是影响高低速协调设计的核心参数。基于项目组长期研究工作,提出了综合考虑高低速性能的BWB布局设计要求,建立了高速向低速适当妥协,综合平衡高低速矛盾的设计思想,给出了由三点技术措施构成的高低速协调设计原则。根据本文提出的高低速协调设计思想和设计原则,采用多学科综合优化和气动综合设计方法,进行了概念方案的高低速协调设计,获得了高低速协调、综合性能优异的概念设计方案。CFD分析和风洞试验验证结果表明,协调设计后的概念方案,在保持优异巡航性能的同时,显著提高了低速性能,降低了对增升能力的需求,减小了高升力状态力矩平衡措施的设计压力,达到了保证巡航效率和提升低速性能的协调设计目标。本文提出的高低速协调设计思想和设计原则为提升BWB布局低速性能提供了新的思路和方法,可应用于翼身融合类民机布局研究,并可为其他用途翼身融合类飞机设计提供参考。     

Neural Network aided PMSM multi-objective design and optimization for more-electric aircraft applications

This study uses the Neural Network(NN) technique to optimize design of surfacemounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors(PMSMs) for More-Electric Aircraft(MEA)applications. The key role of NN is to provide dedicated correction factors for the analytical PMSM mass and loss estimation within the entire design space. Based on that, a globally optimal design can be quickly obtained. Matching the analytical estimation with Finite-Element Analysis(FEA) is the main research target of training the NN. ...     

Towards intelligent design optimization: Progress and challenge of design optimization theories and technologies for plastic forming

Plastic forming is one of enabling and fundamental technologies in advanced manufacturing chains. Design optimization is a critical way to improve the performance of the forming system, exploit the advantages of high productivity, high product quality, low production cost and short time to market and develop precise, accurate, green, and intelligent (smart) plastic forming technology. However, plastic forming is quite complicated, relating to multi-physics field coupling, multi-factor influence, multi-defect constraint, and triple nonlinear, etc., and the design optimization for plastic forming involves multi-objective, multi-parameter, multi-constraint, nonlinear, high-dimensionality, non-continuity, time-varying, and uncertainty, etc. Therefore, how to achieve accurate and efficient design optimization of products, equipment, tools/dies, and processing as well as materials characterization has always been the research frontier and focus in the field of engineering and manufacturing. In recent years, with the rapid development of computing science, data science and internet of things (IoT), the theories and technologies of design optimization have attracted more and more attention, and developed rapidly in forming process. Accordingly, this paper first introduced the framework of design optimization for plastic forming. Then, focusing on the key problems of design optimization, such as numerical model and optimization algorithm, this paper summarized the research progress on the development and application of the theories and technologies about design optimization in forming process, including deterministic and uncertain optimization. Moreover, the applicability of various modeling methods and optimization algorithms was elaborated in solving the design optimization problems of plastic forming. Finally, considering the development trends of forming technology, this paper discusses some challenges of design optimization that may need to be solved and faced in forming process.     

Kriging模型及代理优化算法研究进展

代理模型方法由于能显著提高工程优化设计问题的效率,在航空航天及其他领域得到了广泛重视,并逐渐发展成为一类优化算法,本文称其为代理优化（SBO）算法。在现有的代理模型方法中,如多项式响应面、径向基函数、神经网络、支持向量回归、多变量插值/回归、多项式混沌展开等,源于地质统计学的Kriging模型具有代表性,是一种非常具有应用潜力的代理模型方法。以飞行器设计领域的优化问题为背景,介绍了Kriging代理模型及应用于优化设计的理论和算法的最新研究进展。首先,概述了Kriging模型的基本理论和算法,并讨论了影响Kriging模型鲁棒性和效率的几个关键性问题。其次,回顾了Kriging模型理论和算法研究的3个最新研究进展,包括梯度增强型Kriging、CoKriging和分层Kriging模型。而后,分析提炼了基于Kriging模型的代理优化算法的优化机制和优化框架,给出了“优化加点准则”和“子优化”的概念,并介绍了目前常用的几种优化加点准则及其相应子优化问题的求解与约束处理;同时,还介绍了最新提出的局部EI加点准则以及代理优化的终止条件。最后,介绍了代理优化在标准测试函数算例验证、飞行器气动与多学科优化设计典型算例确认方面的研究进展,并对当前存在的一些关键科学问题以及未来研究方向进行了讨论。     

Multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for emission and cost reductions

Pollutant gases emitted from the civil jet are doing more and more harm to the environ- ment with the rapid development of the global commercial aviation transport. Low environmental impact has become a new requirement for aircraft design. In this paper, estimation method for emis- sion in aircraft conceptual design stage is improved based on the International Civil Aviation Orga- nization （ICAO） aircraft engine emissions databank and the polynomial curve fitting methods. The greenhouse gas emission （CO2 equivalent） per seat per kilometer is proposed to measure the emis- sions. An approximate sensitive analysis and a multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for tradeoff between greenhouse effect and direct operating cost （DOC） are performed with five geom- etry variables of wing configuration and two flight operational parameters. The results indicate that reducing the cruise altitude and Mach number may result in a decrease of the greenhouse effect but an increase of DOC. And the two flight operational parameters have more effects on the emissions than the wing configuration. The Pareto-optimal front shows that a decrease of 29.8% in DOC is attained at the expense of an increase of 10.8% in greenhouse gases.     

飞翼无人机平面外形气动隐身优化设计

对一种双后掠飞翼布局隐身无人机(UAV)平面外形,基于参数化模型和网格自动划分技术,采用气动无黏/黏性数值求解模型和隐身工程评估方法结合单/多目标优化算法,在给定的变量设计空间中完成了气动隐身综合优化设计研究。通过多目标优化给出了布局气动升阻性能相对隐身性能的最优设计边界,指出了外形气动与隐身设计之间存在的冲突关系,即一方性能提升必会使另一方性能降低,不存在双方同时最优的解,飞翼外形设计时需要在气动与隐身间进行权衡折中。计算表明,在飞翼布局外形优化中应采用精度高的黏性气动计算模型。所建立的气动隐身一体化优化设计方法,为飞翼布局无人机外形精细设计奠定了基础。     

Design,modeling, and control of morphing aircraft: A review

A morphing aircraft can adapt its configuration to suit different types of tasks, which is also an important requirement of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAV). The successful development of an unmanned morphing aircraft involves three steps that determine its ability and intelligent: configuration design, dynamic modeling and flight control. This study conducts a comprehensive survey of morphing aircraft. First, the methods to design the configuration of a morphing aircraft are presented and analyzed...     

Uncertainty analysis and design optimization of hybrid rocket motor powered vehicle for suborbital flight

In this paper, we propose an uncertainty analysis and design optimization method and its applications on a hybrid rocket motor(HRM) powered vehicle. The multidisciplinary design model of the rocket system is established and the design uncertainties are quantified. The sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties shows that the uncertainty generated from the error of fuel regression rate model has the most significant effect on the system performances. Then the differences between deterministic design optimization(DDO) and uncertainty-based design optimization(UDO) are discussed. Two newly formed uncertainty analysis methods, including the Kriging-based Monte Carlo simulation(KMCS) and Kriging-based Taylor series approximation(KTSA), are carried out using a global approximation Kriging modeling method. Based on the system design model and the results of design uncertainty analysis, the design optimization of an HRM powered vehicle for suborbital flight is implemented using three design optimization methods: DDO, KMCS and KTSA. The comparisons indicate that the two UDO methods can enhance the design reliability and robustness. The researches and methods proposed in this paper can provide a better way for the general design of HRM powered vehicles.In this paper,we propose an uncertainty analysis and design optimization method and its applications on a hybrid rocket motor(HRM)powered vehicle.The multidisciplinary design model of the rocket system is established and the design uncertainties are quantified.The sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties shows that the uncertainty generated from the error of fuel regression rate model has the most significant effect on the system performances.Then the differences between deterministic design optimization(DDO)and uncertainty-based design optimization(UDO)are discussed.Two newly formed uncertainty analysis methods,including the Kriging-based Monte Carlo simulation(KMCS)and Kriging-based Taylor series approximation(KTSA),are carried out using a global approximation Kriging modeling method.Based on the system design model and the results of design uncertainty analysis,the design optimization of an HRM powered vehicle for suborbital flight is implemented using three design optimization methods:DDO,KMCS and KTSA.The comparisons indicate that the two UDO methods can enhance the design reliability and robustness.The researches and methods proposed in this paper can provide a better way for the general design of HRM powered vehicles.     

TC11钛合金棒材和锻件的室温设计许用值计算

针对中-长寿命阶段热障涂层寿命预测精度与TGO(热生长氧化层)厚度测量方法分散性大和可执行性差的特点,基于数字图像处理(DIP)技术开发了一款用图形用户界面(GUI)程序,可以批量以及数字化地处理TGO层的形貌特征并且计算其厚度,满足航空发动机涂层结构件,如涡轮叶片热障涂层结构的更高精度和合理化的分析要求。通过和直接测量方法的结果对比表明:所发展的DIP方法避免了直接测量过程中的人为因素引进的分析误差因此更加合理。通过敏感性分析发现,热障涂层寿命对中-长寿命阶段时TGO厚度的变化敏感性极大,因此引进合理的TGO厚度量化技术可以提高该寿命阶段的涂层寿命预测精度,采用DIP技术得到的TGO厚度演化方程中的强化指数稳定在0.3,优于直接测量的数值(0.25~0.35)。     

某变循环发动机超声涡轮设计与分析

应用相似理论原理,为某变循环发动机在高、低涵道比两种工作模式下设计了高膨胀比、大焓降超声高压涡轮,叶片造型采用S₁流面三维造型法实现.通过三维数值模拟对设计涡轮在以上两种工作模式下进行了验算,应用Spalart-Allmaras一方程湍流模型求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,并引入Abu-Ghanam Shaw转捩模型描述叶片表面边界层发展过程.数值模拟结果表明,涡轮在两种工作模式下等熵效率分别达到92.79%和92.31%,优于设计预期;三维造型法考虑了S1流面的物理特征,是一种精确而有效的叶片造型方法.      

Numerical analysis for impacts of nozzle end-clearances on aerodynamic performance and forced response in a VNT turbine

It has been well known that nozzle end-clearances in a Variable Nozzle Turbine (VNT) are unfavorable for aerodynamic performance, especially at small openings, and efforts to further decrease size of the clearances are very hard due to thermal expansion. In this paper, both the different sizes of nozzle end-clearances and the various ratios of their distribution at the hub and shroud sides were modelled and investigated by performing 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations with a code of transferring the aerodynamic pressure from the CFD results to the FEA calculations. It was found that increasing the size of the nozzle end-clearances divided equally at the hub and shroud sides deteriorates turbine efficiency and turbine wheel reliability, yet increases turbine flow capacity. And, when the total nozzle end-clearances remain the same, varying nozzle end-clearances’ distribution at the hub and shroud sides not only shifts operation point of a VNT turbine, but also affects the turbine wheel vibration stress. Compared with nozzle hub clearance, the shroud clearance is more sensitive to both aerodynamic performance and reliability of a VNT turbine. Consequently, a possibility is put forward to improve VNT turbine efficiency meanwhile decrease vibration stress by optimizing nozzle end-clearances’ distribution.