综合载荷环境下高超声速飞行器结构多场联合强度试验技术

针对当前高超声速飞行器结构综合环境强度验证技术的迫切需求,开展考虑气动力、高温、噪声及机械振动等载荷的多场联合强度试验设计,提出了多系统集成方法,给出了多载荷联合加载解耦方法与控制策略,基于行波管建立了多场联合试验平台,对平台关键环境影响因素进行了分析,给出了具体的解决途径,最后基于该试验平台完成了某舵面构件的气动力/高温/噪声/振动多场联合试验,得到了联合载荷作用下结构应变、加速度及位移等响应的时域与频域变化特征,试验表明,多场联合环境下结构的响应水平较高,结构更容易发生破坏,通过该试验验证了多场联合试验技术的可行性及有效性,可为复杂载荷环境下高超声速飞行器结构的地面强度试验验证提供有力的技术支撑。     

考虑力/热/结构多场耦合效应的飞行弹道预测

高超声速飞行器气动力/热/结构多场耦合的一个典型效应是热弹性变形,从而引起气动力变化及配平变化,并进一步改变飞行弹道与控制方案。将FL-CAPTER高超声速多场耦合分析软件拓展至飞行力学领域,建立了考虑气动力/热/结构多场耦合效应影响的弹道模拟新方法,并针对给定舵偏角下自主配平控制的助推-压缩楔组合体外形,开展不同耦合时间尺度下的飞行弹道特性研究,初步探讨分析了多场耦合效应对飞行弹道的影响。研究结果表明：对于助推-压缩楔组合体外形,考虑多场耦合效应后,变形将带来配平迎角增大,飞行器升力、阻力同时增大,升阻比降低,弹道飞行高度增加,飞行马赫数降低,航程变短等一系列影响;同时,气动/弹道耦合计算时间步长的选取对弹道仿真结果存在较大影响,当步长选取过大时,会带来非物理振荡,导致计算结果失真;所提出的基于变形量回溯插值技术的双时间步修正方法能够有效提高弹道仿真精度,削弱因时间步长选取过大造成的非物理振荡。相关研究对认识多场耦合效应与飞行弹道的耦合机理及弹道设计等可提供重要参考。     

基于热/力试验的折叠舵连接刚度与颤振分析

为了适装新型发射平台和进一步提高射程能力,高速飞行器需要采用折叠翼/舵的方案。高速飞行器面临的严酷高温环境和时变气动载荷条件,使折叠舵的结构动力学特性更加复杂,给开展折叠舵极端条件下热气动弹性特性的准确分析带来严峻挑战。本文构建了综合考虑温度、载荷、机构间隙和摩擦特性等因素的折叠机构力学模型,通过非线性有限元分析获得了不同因素影响下的连接刚度,并开展常温和高温试验验证研究。基于固有模态对结构进行降维简化,基于修正的三阶活塞理论建立了气动力模型,采用准定常模型对特定飞行剖面的颤振特性进行评估。基于Abaqus结构模型和STAR-CCM+气动模型,开展了时域响应分析。结果表明：常温和高温条件下,折叠机构转动刚度的计算结果与试验结果整体相对误差小于10%,具有较好的一致性,验证了模型的准确性和可用性;采用CFD与CSD耦合计算方法获得的临界颤振速度低于采用修正的三阶活塞理论结果,CFD/CSD耦合计算方法更加保守。本文建立的方法可为飞行器舵面颤振特性进行有效预示,对新型高速飞行器设计具有重要指导作用。     

多场耦合效应对高超声速进气道入口参数影响

为了研究多场耦合效应对高超声速进气道入口参数的影响,采用自主开发的热环境/热响应耦合计算分析平台FL-CAPTER,对吸气式高超声速进气道前体进行了数值仿真研究。介绍了采用的多物理场耦合分析策略及不同物理场求解方法,通过圆管和两级压缩楔外形,初步验证了多场耦合分析方法的可靠性。以此为基础,研究了进气道前体在长时间巡航飞行条件下的结构温升情况和宏观变形量,分析了进气道结构变形对入口参数的影响。结果表明:进气道前体迎风区域和背风区域不均匀的温度分布引起热应力变化,进气道前体压缩面在多场耦合效应作用下上翘约20mm,考虑变形影响后,进气道偏离设计状态,激波边界层干扰效应增强,喉道附近的分离区域有所增大,进气道入口的质量流量增加约4.2%,喉道平均马赫数降低,静压升高,总压恢复系数降低。     

高超声速进气道前缘流场-热-结构耦合分析

通过分析高超声速流场-热-结构耦合问题的机理过程,对多场耦合模型进行了数学物理描述,以此发展了松耦合分析策略框架。在此基础上,采用自适应耦合计算时间步长、混合插值策略和复杂外形网格变形等方法,实现了多场耦合分析平台。针对高超声速飞行器进气道前缘结构的耦合特征进行了初步分析研究,计算结果揭示了在持续长时间飞行条件下流场-热-结构耦合的时空分布特征,为深入开展高超声速飞行器热防护系统的综合性能评估及优化提供了理论与技术支撑。     

高超声速飞行器热结构设计分析技术研究

综述了国内外高超声速飞行器结构热设计分析技术的进展,探讨了计算气动热力学应用于高超声速飞行器结构设计的能力与局限性的现状,提出并讨论了高超声速飞行器热结构设计分析的关键技术及其发展趋势:(1)高超声速飞行器瞬态表面温度和气动加热率计算技术;(2)流-热-固多物理场耦合机理模型技术;(3)流-热-固多场耦合计算分析技术;(4)高超声速飞行器热防护结构设计技术。     

结构隔绝内-外空间的流-热-固耦合仿真应用

为验证和指导高速飞行器的防隔热设计,准确地模拟气动热产生的热量穿透防隔热材料进而影响舱内温度空间分布和时间变化的过程,研究了一种同时求解机体外流场及气动热、机体结构传热及舱内流场温度场仿真计算方法,其中的传热方式包括热传导、热对流及热辐射。采用两套计算模型、两种求解器、一个数据交换文件的计算结构,构建了一种针对流场-热-结构的多场耦合分析方法,实现了对固体隔绝内外流场温度动态变化问题的仿真分析。最后通过计算实例验证了整套计算方法,得到的飞行器舱内温度变化特性能够用于指导高速飞行器的防隔热设计。     

高超声速飞行器流-热-固耦合研究现状与软件开发

新一代高超声速飞行器流-热-固耦合问题研究对准确评估与设计飞行器热防护系统结构尤为重要。回顾了高超声速飞行器流-热-固耦合问题的发展历程与现状。从物理含义出发,对高超声速流-热-固耦合问题各学科间的耦合关系以及各自的建模方法进行了归纳。对高超声速飞行器流-热-固耦合问题的研究进展,特别是流-热-固多场耦合分析策略/方法进行了总结。从平台框架、功能模块、耦合方法和技术特点等方面,对中国空气动力研究与发展中心自主研发的热环境/热响应耦合计算分析平台(FL-CAPTER)进行了阐述。最后,对高超声速飞行器流-热-固耦合发展所面临的问题和发展趋势进行了讨论。     

涡轮气热弹耦合计算模型与算例

针对涡轮气热弹多场耦合不变量方程,推导了任意曲线坐标系中的多场耦合控制方程,讨论了气热弹多场耦合的4种类型：气热、气弹、热弹和气热弹耦合,给出了相应的计算模型与耦合边界条件,建立了能够采用统一差分格式求解涡轮气热弹多场耦合的三维数值仿真平台的计算模型。并通过对一个具有解析解空心圆筒的热弹性计算和对Mark Ⅱ叶片气热耦合计算,初步验证了应用有限差分计算气热弹多场耦合计算模型的可行性。     

高超声速复杂气动问题数值方法研究进展

高超声速流场具有复杂流动特征,其中真实气体效应、磁流体干扰效应和力热结构耦合效应等对气动力分析产生了重要影响。将流体力学研究扩展到分子动力学、电磁流体力学以及流固耦合等交叉学科领域,这给数值模拟方法带来了巨大挑战。针对高超声速气动力/热分析的热点问题,重点关注高温效应与低密度流动效应、磁流体干扰效应和力热结构耦合效应等,结合算例分析了相应的数值求解技术;在气动热方面主要比较了3类求解方法(纯工程方法、纯数值方法和基于Prandtl边界层理论的方法),并给出了相应算例;对于气动力/热/结构耦合问题,从耦合模型及耦合计算方法两方面开展了分析。最后指出了高超声速复杂气动问题数值求解技术未来需重点关注的几个方面。     

高超声速飞行器热防护与热管理综合分析方法

高超声速飞行器面临严苛的气动热载荷,不仅给机体结构的设计带来了困难,也为舱室的综合防热设计提出了挑战,高超声速飞行器的热防护设计与舱室热管理系统的设计高度耦合,需要采取一体化的手段进行分析和设计。从高超声速飞行器内-外热耦合的传热过程出发,建立了耦合分析舱室综合防热问题的数学模型。并结合设定的舱室和飞行任务曲线进行了仿真优化计算。结果表明,采用热防护和热管理耦合的分析方法,有助于综合选取最优的隔热层厚度和液氮冷却控制策略,使舱室热问题的综合代偿达到最优。该方法能够用于快速开展舱室热问题的综合参数优化,可以满足概念方案设计阶段开展热防护和热管理综合分析的需要。     

A scaling procedure for measuring thermal structural vibration generated by wall pressure fluctuation

This paper attempts to develop a scaling procedure to measure structural vibration caused simultaneously by wall pressure fluctuations and the thermal load of hypersonic flow by a wind tunnel test. However, simulating the effect of thermal load is difficult with a scaled model in a wind tunnel due to the nonlinear effect of thermal load on a structure. In this work, the temperature variation of a structure is proposed to indicate the nonlinear effect of the thermal load,which provides a means to simulate both the thermal load and wall pressure fluctuations of a hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layer(TBL) in a wind tunnel test. To validate the scaling procedure,both numerical computations and measurements are performed in this work. Theoretical results show that the scaling procedure can also be adapted to the buckling temperature of a structure even though the scaling procedure is derived from a reference temperature below the critical temperature of the structure. For the measurement, wall pressure fluctuations and thermal environment are simulated by creating hypersonic flow in a wind tunnel. Some encouraging results demonstrate the effectiveness of the scaling procedure for assessing structural vibration generated by hypersonic flow. The scaling procedure developed in this study will provide theoretical support to develop a new measurement technology to evaluate vibration of aircraft due to hypersonic flow.     

高超声速飞行器界面多相催化数值研究进展

随着未来临近空间高超声速飞行器高速度、长航时新需求的提出,飞行器高温流动与热防护系统相互作用凸显,引发极端力学、热学条件下气固界面多相催化等高温界面效应。回顾了高超声速飞行器中界面多相催化理论建模和数值研究历程,重点综述了界面多相催化的给定速率系数模型、含微细观特征的唯象模型、基于微观理论模拟的跨尺度模型的研究进展。总结了作者团队在飞行器界面多相催化效应建模、机理和应用相关方面的研究结果。结合未来飞行器减重、增程、保形的设计需求,进一步提出了国内后续研究的重点方向,以期支撑热防护系统轻量化、低冗余设计。     

Experimental investigation on aero-heating of rudder shaft within laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers

The aero-heating of the rudder shaft region of a hypersonic vehicle is very harsh, as the peak heat flux in this region can be even higher than that at the stagnation point. Therefore, studying the aero-heating of the rudder shaft is of great significance for designing the thermal protection system of the hypersonic vehicle. In the wind tunnel test of the aero-heating effect, we find that with the increase of the angle of attack of the lifting body model, the increasement of the heat flux of the rudder shaft is larger under laminar flow conditions than that under turbulent flow conditions. To understand this, we design a wind tunnel experiment to study the effect of laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers on the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the same wind tunnel freestream conditions. The experiment is carried out in the ?2 m shock tunnel(FD-14 A) affiliated to the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center(CARDC). The laminar boundary layer on the model is triggered to a turbulent one by using vortex generators, which are 2 mm-high diamonds. The aero-heating of the rudder shaft(with the rudder) and the protuberance(without the rudder) are studied in both hypersonic laminar and turbulent boundary layers under the same freestream condition. The nominal Mach numbers are 10 and 12, and the unit Reynolds numbers are2.4 × 10~6 m~(-1) and 2.1 × 10~6 m-1. The angle of attack of the model is 20°, and the deflection angle of the rudder and the protuberance is 10°. The heat flux on the model surface is measured by thin film heat flux sensors, and the heat flux distribution along the center line of the lifting body model suggests that forced transition is achieved in the upstream of the rudder. The test results of the rudder shaft and the protuberance show that the heat flux of the rudder shaft is lower in the turbulent flow than that in the laminar flow, but the heat flux of the protuberance is the other way around,i.e., lower in the laminar flow than in the turbulent flow. The wind tunnel test results is also validated by numerical simulations. Our analysis suggests that this phenomenon is due to the difference of boundary layer velocities caused by different thickness of boundary layer between laminar and turbulent flows, as well as the restricted flow within the rudder gap. When the turbulent boundary layer is more than three times thicker than that of the laminar boundary layer, the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the laminar flow condition is higher than that under the turbulent flow condition. Discovery of this phenomenon has great importance for guiding the design of the thermal protection system for the rudder shaft of hypersonic vehicles.     

Application of focused laser differential interferometer to hypersonic boundary-layer instability study

Accurate prediction of hypersonic boundary-layer transition plays an important role in thermal protection system design of hypersonic vehicles. Restricted by the capability of spatial diagnostics for hypersonic boundary-layer study, quite a lot of problems of hypersonic boundary-layer transition, such as nonlinearity and receptivity, remain outstanding. This work reports the application of focused laser differential interferometer to instability wave development across hypersonic boundary-layer on a flared cone model. To begin with, the focused laser differential interferometer is designed and set up in a Mach number 6 hypersonic quiet wind tunnel with the focal point in the laminar boundary-layer of a 5 degree half-angle flared cone model. Afterwards, instability experiments are carried out by traversing the focal point throughout the hypersonic boundary-layer and the density fluctuation along the boundary-layer profile is measured and analyzed. The results show that three types of instability waves ranging from 10 kHz to over 1 MHz are co-existing in the hypersonic boundary-layer, indicating the powerful capability of focused laser differential interferometer in dynamic response resolution for instability wave study in hypersonic flow regime; furthermore, quantitative analyses including spectra and bicoherence analysis of instability waves throughout the hypersonic boundary-layer for both cold and heated cone models are performed.     

1 500℃极端高温环境下高超声速飞行器轻质隔热材料热/振联合试验

远程高超声速飞行器处于极为恶劣的气动加热与振动耦合环境中,长时间的高温与振动载荷相互叠加会导致飞行器热防护材料出现裂纹、错位、剥离或脱落,甚至会引发致命的安全事故。因此热防护材料在极端高温环境下的地面热/振联合试验测试,对于高超声速飞行器的安全可靠性设计极为重要。建立高温与振动复合试验环境,设法解决轻质多孔隔热材料在强振动下,表面温度难于准确测量与控制的难题,制作水冷式隔热装置保护价格昂贵的振动激励设备等,实现了1 500℃高温环境下高超声速飞行器轻质隔热材料的热/振联合试验。得到非金属隔热材料陶瓷纤维板内部的断裂形貌及裂纹断面特征。根据试验前、后材料的表观及微观变化以及内部结合剂的变化等试验结果,对材料进行改进。经过试验测试后,达到了使用要求。本文建立的1 500℃极端高温环境下的热/振联合试验系统及试验结果为远程高超声速飞行器热防护材料的抗振动能力评估、隔热效果确定以及材料性能的改进提供了重要支撑。     

C/C复合材料与高温合金GH600之间高温接触热阻的试验研究

 在高超声速飞行器翼前缘的热防护技术方面,采用内置高温热管是一种新型高效的热防护方法,其中C/C复合材料结构与内置高温热管之间的界面接触热阻对传热效率及热力耦合起着至关重要的作用。本文自主搭建了一套高温接触热阻试验平台,并针对三维编织C/C复合材料与高温合金GH600在不同界面应力、界面粗糙度及界面温度下的接触热阻进行了试验研究。研究结果表明本平台在进行高温接触热阻试验研究上是切实可行的,利用该试验平台得到了三维编织C/C复合材料与高温合金GH600之间接触热阻的变化规律,有关结果可以为中国新型内置高温热管热防护结构的设计及安全评估提供参考。     

Transfer learning: A new aerodynamic force identification network based on adaptive EMD and soft thresholding in hypersonic wind tunnel

The aerodynamic test in the pulse combustion wind tunnel is very important for the design, evaluation and optimization of aerodynamic characteristics of the hypersonic aircraft. The test accuracy even affects the success or failure of hypersonic aircraft development. In the aerodynamic test of pulse combustion wind tunnel, the aerodynamic signal is disturbed by the inertial force signal, which seriously affects the test accuracy of aerodynamic force. Aiming at the above problems, this paper innovatively proposes an aerodynamic intelligent identification method, that is the transfer learning network based on adaptive Empirical Modal Decomposition (EMD) and Soft Thresholding (TLN-AE&ST). Compared with the existing aerodynamic intelligent identification model based on deep learning technology, this study introduces the transfer learning idea into the aerodynamic intelligent identification model for the first time. The TLN-AE&ST effectively alleviates the problem of scarcity of training samples for intelligent models due to the high cost of wind tunnel tests, and provides a new idea for further implementation of deep learning technology in the field of wind tunnel aerodynamic testing. And this study designed residual attention block with soft threshold and dense block with adaptive EMD in TLN-AE&ST model. Residual attention block with soft threshold module can more effectively suppress the influence of instrument noise signal on model training effect. Dense block with adaptive EMD makes the deep learning model no longer a black box to a certain extent, and has certain physical significance. Finally, a series of wind tunnel tests were carried out in the Φ = 2.4 m pulse combustion wind tunnel of China Aerodynamic Research and Development Center to verify the effectiveness of TLN-AE&ST.     

激波风洞边界层转捩测量技术及应用

高超声速边界层转捩对摩阻、传热等有重要影响。在高超声速飞行器研制中,迫切希望能精确预测和控制边界层转捩。激波风洞作为高超声速气动热环境试验的主要地面模拟设备,是研究高超声速边界层转捩的重要设备。但激波风洞原有测量技术适用于工程型号试验,需要依据高超声速边界层转捩特点进行适应性改造和升级。依据高超声速边界层转捩过程中的热流、压力、密度等物理参数变化,发展了薄膜热流传感器测热技术、温敏热图测量技术、高频脉动压力测量技术、高清晰度纹影显示技术等适用于激波风洞的边界层转捩测量技术。并针对头部钝度0.05 mm的半锥角7°尖锥模型,在中国空气动力研究与发展中心Ø2 m激波风洞（FD-14A）马赫数10、单位雷诺数1.2×10⁷/m的流场条件下开展了边界层转捩试验。采用多种转捩测量技术同时进行测量,获得尖锥模型表面边界层转捩情况、边界层脉动压力频谱特征、边界层内清晰的第2模态波和湍流斑纹影图像,不同测量技术获取的试验结果可相互印证,线性稳定性理论分析结果与试验结果相吻合。