飞机蒙皮镜像铣加工稳定性分析

镜像铣技术是近年来提出的一种针对大尺寸薄壁件的加工方法,其加工环保、高效,具有逐步取代传统化铣加工的趋势。针对飞机蒙皮镜像铣加工过程中的颤振问题,首先,根据镜像铣加工特点,建立工艺系统颤振稳定性极限的预测模型;其次,通过有限元方法对蒙皮工件进行模态分析,分析蒙皮不同加工位置动力学特性变化导致的铣削稳定性变化,并通过实验测量获取工件动力学参数,对不同加工位置的稳定性做出预测;最后,开展加工实验,基于非接触测量方法,在线监测镜像铣加工区域的振动位移,通过时、频域信号对加工状态进行辨识,揭示了镜像铣加工过程的稳定性变化及失稳机制,验证了所提方法的准确性,在工程领域具有较高的实用价值。     

材料切除对机匣铣削动力学与稳定性的影响

在薄壁零件加工过程中,工件材料的连续切除会造成工艺系统动力学特性的不断变化,并对工艺系统的颤振稳定性产生显著影响。以航空发动机机匣为对象,研究了其铣削过程中工件材料切除以及切削位置变化对工件动力学特性与颤振稳定性的影响规律。首先,根据机匣的几何结构与铣削工艺特点,提出了按切削行及切削段进行材料切除过程细分的方法。其次,建立了工艺系统动力学特性演化的快速计算方法和颤振稳定性极限的频域预测方法,并在单个切削行内和不同切削行间分析了材料切除过程对工艺系统的影响。结果显示,在单个切削行内工艺系统的动力学特性会小幅度减小,稳定性极限图会向左下方小幅度偏移;在不同切削行间工艺系统的动力学特性变化幅度较大,稳定性极限图呈现出交错排列现象,难以针对整个铣削过程进行切削参数优选,因此提出了基于单行刀位轨迹的切削参数优选方法,保证了整个材料切除过程的稳定切削。最后,进行了机匣铣削与模态试验,验证了所提方法的正确性与有效性。     

Vibration suppression of thin-walled workpiece machining considering external damping properties based on magnetorheological fluids flexible fixture

Milling of the thin-walled workpiece in the aerospace industry is a critical process due to the high flexibility of the workpiece. In this paper, a flexible fixture based on the magnetorheological(MR) fluids is designed to investigate the regenerative chatter suppression during the machining.Based on the analysis of typical structural components in the aerospace industry, a general complex thin-walled workpiece with fixture and damping constraint can be equivalent as a rectangular cantilever beam. On the basis of the equivalent models, natural frequency and mode shape function of the thin-walled workpiece is obtained according to the Euler–Bernoulli beam assumptions. Then,the displacement response function of the bending vibration of the beam is represented by the product of all the mode shape function and the generalized coordinate. Furthermore, a dynamic equation of the workpiece-fixture system considering the external damping factor is proposed using the Lagrangian method in terms of all the mode shape function and the generalized coordinate, and the response of system under the dynamic cutting force is calculated to evaluate the stability of the milling process under damping control. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach are validated by the impact hammer experiments and several machining tests.     

阻尼陀螺系统动力响应的有限元复模态分析方法

采用复模态分析方法研究了陀螺系统及具有粘性阻尼的陀螺系统的动力响应及其数值分析方法,提出了陀螺模态阻尼比的概念,实现了利用有限元结构分析软件对诸如薄壁旋转轴和转动薄壁壳体等各类形式的复杂旋转薄壁结构进行动力特性分析的目的,讨论了不同条件(单点旋转简谐激励和沿圆周呈周波型分布的激励)条件下转动薄壁壳体结构的行波振动特点.      

基于粘弹性材料的五轴铣削加工被动抑振技术

针对薄壁件在铣削过程中极易出现颤振,且动力学特性快速变化导致切削稳定性多变的特点,研究基于粘弹性材料的被动阻尼技术,以增加薄壁零件阻尼、提升切削稳定性。提出阻尼层、约束层以及质量层的设计方案,模态试验表明该技术能大幅提升薄壁件阻尼,且对多阶振动模态有抑制作用。最后,将其应用于薄壁S样件的五轴铣削加工试验,多组切削参数下的试验结果表明,工件切削振动幅值最大可下降约97%。     

Vibration signal-based chatter identification for milling of thin-walled structure

In high speed milling aeronautical part, tool condition monitoring(TCM) is very important, because it is prone to get a chatter owing to the low stiffness of thin-walled structures. And the TCM is key technology for automated machining. In this paper, aiming to chatter monitoring in thin-walled structure milling, a variational mode decomposition – energy distribution(VMD-ED)method is proposed to improve the identification accuracy. And a moving average root mean square – mean value(MARMS-MV) ide...     

Effects of Machine Tool Configuration on Its Dynamics Based on Orthogonal Experiment Method

In order to analyze the influence of configuration parameters on dynamic characteristics of machine tools in the working space, the configuration parameters have been suggested based on the orthogonal experiment method. Dynamic analysis of a milling machine, which is newly designed for producing turbine blades, has been conducted by utilizing the modal synthesis method. The finite element model is verified and updated by experimental modal analysis (EMA) of the machine tool. The result gained by modal synthesis method is compared with whole-model finite element method (FEM) result as well. According to the orthogonal experiment method, four configuration parameters of machine tool are considered as four factors for dynamic characteristics. The influence of configuration parameters on the first three natural frequencies is obtained by range analysis. It is pointed out that configuration parameter is the most important factor affecting the fundamental frequency of machine tools, and configuration parameter has less effect on lower-order modes of the system than others. The combination of configuration parameters which makes the fundamental frequency reach the maximum value is provided. Through demonstration, the conclusion can be drawn that the influence of configuration parameters on the natural frequencies of machine tools can be analyzed explicitly by the orthogonal experiment method, which offers a new method for estimating the dynamic characteristics of machine tools.     

运载火箭振型斜率测量系统研制

结构动力学分析是运载火箭研制必不可少的环节,动力学分析的基础是建立一个准确的数学分析模型,这个数学模型需要通过一些试验测量获取的动特性参数来充分验证。运载火箭的振型斜率是运载火箭稳定控制系统设计的重要参数,该参数受舱段结构局部变形影响较大,无法通过数学仿真计算得到。因此,新型运载火箭必须进行全箭模态试验以获取振型斜率参数。通过全箭模态试验,完成了通过速率陀螺+加速度计直接测量的方式获取箭体结构振型斜率值。同时,根据不同频率下的模态试验,给出了速率陀螺标度因数在不同频率下的修正因子。试验结果表明,本测量方法有效提高了振型斜率的测量精度。     

Chatter stability prediction in four-axis milling of aero-engine casings with bull-nose end mill

An analytical model for chatter stability prediction in bull-nose end milling of aero-engine casings is presented in this paper. And the mechanics and dynamics variations due to the complex cutter and workpiece geometry are considered by analyzing the effects of the lead angle on the milling process. Firstly, the tool-workpiece engagement region is obtained by using a previously developed method and divided into several disk elements along the tool-axis direction.Secondly, a 3D dynamic model for stability limit calculation is developed and simplified into a 1D model in normal direction considering only the dominant mode of the workpiece. Then the cutting force coefficients, the start and exit angles corresponding to each disk element are determined. And the total stability lobe diagram is calculated using an iterative algorithm. Finally, several experimental tests are carried out to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed prediction approach.     

超高强度钢立铣工件温度分析及对加工表面质量的影响

以航空难加工材料300M钢为研究对象,基于立铣加工中的工件温度判断在铣削加工中是否出现了金相组织转变,进而分析不同工况下影响加工表面质量的因素。首先,将移动热源法应用于铣削加工中,计算考虑后刀面磨损的立铣加工工件温度,实验表明,计算值与实验值相比误差在10%以内。然后,分析了工件温度在时间上与空间上的分布,以及不同刀具磨损和加工参数条件下工件表面的温升规律,据此预测加工表面是否出现了组织转变,并结合金相组织观察进一步确认。最后,依据加工表面质量物理层面残余应力和显微硬度的检测数据,初步探讨了各因素对表面质量的影响。结果表明,在研究的加工参数范围内,并未达到金相组织转变温度,表面质量主要受铣削热力作用下的剪切面塑性凸出效应、后刀面挤光效应和热效应的影响。     

Time-domain modeling of a cutter exiting a workpiece in the slot milling process

In a milling operation, there must be processes of a cutter entering and exiting the work-piece boundary. The cutter exit is usually in the feed direction and the dynamic response is different from that in the normal cutting process. This paper presents a new time-domain modeling of mechanics and dynamics of the cutter exit process for the slot milling process. The cutter is assumed to exit the workpiece for the first time with one tooth right in the feed direction. The dynamic chip thickness is summed up along the feed direction and compared with the remaining workpiece length in the feed direction to judge whether the cutter is ready to exit the workpiece or not. The developed model is then used for analyzing the cutting force and machining vibration in the cutter exit process. The developed mathematical model is experimentally validated by comparing the simulated forces and vibrations against the measured data collected from real slotting milling tests. The study shows that stable cutting parameters cannot guarantee stable cutting in a cutter exit process and further study can be performed to control the vibration amplitude in this specific process.     

薄壁件周铣切削力建模与表面误差预测方法研究

薄壁件加工变形是影响加工精度与质量的关键因素,而切削力建模则是预测表面加工误差的基础。针对两种典型的切削力模型,系统地研究了薄壁件周铣加工过程中切削力变化及表面变形误差分布的有限元计算方法,提出了基于三维非规则网格的刀具/工件变形的耦合迭代格式以及恒定网格下材料去除效应的变刚度处理方法等关键技术,仿真过程充分考虑了切屑厚度变化及不同切削参数对预测结果的影响。以典型钛合金航空材料构件为例,数值计算结果与实验参考数据比较表明,两种切削力模型对同一切削过程的预测均具有很好的一致性。     

铣削参数对薄壁叶片铣削振动的影响

针对TC11薄壁叶片在数控加工过程中存在振动问题,采用单因素试验法进行薄壁叶片的铣削试验,建立铣削参数对振动加速度的影响模型,分析各铣削参数对铣削振动的影响规律,运用工艺参数区间敏感性分析方法,优选了铣削工艺参数区间。     

Plastic wrinkling prediction in thin-walled part forming process:A review

The precision forming of thin-walled components has been urgently needed in aviation and aerospace field. However, the wrinkling induced by the compressive instability is one of the major defects in thin-walled part forming. The initiation and growth of the wrinkles are interac-tively affected by many factors such as stress states, mechanical properties of the material, geometry of the workpiece and boundary conditions. Especially when the forming process involves compli-cated boundary conditions such as multi-dies constrains, the perturbation of clearances between workpiece and dies and the contact conditions changing in time and space, etc., the predication of the wrinkling is further complicated. In this paper, the current prediction methods were summa-rized including the static equilibrium method, the energy method, the initial imperfection method, the eigenvalue buckling analysis method, the static-implicit finite element method and the dynamic-explicit finite element method. Then, a systematical comparison and summary of these methods in terms of their advantages and limitations are presented. By using a combination of explicit FE method, initial imperfection and energy conservation, a hybrid method is recommended to predict plastic wrinkling in thin-walled part forming. Finally, considering the urgent requirements of com-plex thin-walled structures’ part in aviation and aerospace field, the trends and challenges in wrin-kling prediction under complicated boundary conditions are presented.     

基于优化STD法的大飞机垂尾装配界面精加工过程模态参数识别

为减小大飞机垂尾装配界面精加工过程中产生的加工振动对其精加工质量的影响，需掌握装配界面加工过程的动力学特性，而动力学特性与其模态参数密切相关。因此，为获得装配界面各阶模态参数，针对其动态精加工过程，提出了一种优化STD环境激励下结构模态参数识别方法。该方法首先由装配界面的实测加工振动数据构造Toeplitz矩阵，并将其作为STD法的输入，进而求出装配界面各阶次模态参数，并构成模态参数下三角矩阵。然后利用模态置信因子及模态保证准则选出阶次相对稳定的模态参数作为装配界面的真实模态参数。最后，通过切削实验和锤击测试验证优化STD法的正确性和有效性。将锤击实验模态结果作为装配界面的模态参数测量参考值，以一阶模态频率识别结果为例，该方法相比于传统STD法和SSI法，识别精度分别提高了12.71%和3.82%；同理其余各阶模态参数识别精度均有不同程度的提高。通过优化STD法可准确高效地获得装配界面的模态参数，为其精加工工艺参数的合理选择提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

2.5维编织树脂基复合材料平板多尺度动力学模型修正

在2.5维编织树脂基复合材料多尺度固有振动分析的基础上,开展基于实测结构模态数据的复合材料平板动力学模型修正研究,以获取精准反映其动力学特性的模型。首先,建立复合材料平板固有频率对弹性参数的灵敏度分析方法,分析了平板固有振动特性的主要影响因素;其次,建立基于灵敏度分析的复合材料多尺度动力学模型修正方法,形成了基于MSC.NASTRAN平台的模型修正程序。最后,利用实测结构模态测试数据,实现对复合材料平板动力学模型的修正。结果表明,对关键弹性参数进行修正后,不同边界条件和纱线走向的复合材料平板试验件固有频率实测数据与仿真数据的最大误差由10.44%下降至2.39%,相关性得到了大幅改善。此外,所提出的自由模态测试方案结合动力学模型修正方法,为复合材料等效弹性参数的试验辨识提供了新的技术途径。     

一种快速有效的薄壁件加工表面误差预测算法

 在切削力作用下,刀具/工件的变形是影响薄壁弱刚度件加工精度与质量的关键因素,快速有效地进行表面误差的预测是实现工艺参数优化及在线刀具路径补偿的前提。针对立铣加工过程,提出了一种考虑刀具/工件变形位置的快速柔性迭代算法,基于此建立了薄壁件加工变形预测的有限元计算模型,并通过等效集中力作用位置的确定、模型分割及最小化网格重划方法进一步提高了模型的计算速度。通过刀具/工件的瞬时接触区域的限定算法、实际切深的修正算法、材料去除效应的模拟等关键技术更提高了模型的计算精度。以典型航空铝合金材料为对象,合理安排试验,并通过数值计算结果和试验数据的对比,表明该方法计算精度高,计算速度较文献方法提高了近2倍。     

基于APDL的薄壁件加工变形补偿方法

对如何减小薄壁零件在加工过程中由于弹性变形造成的误差进行了研究,在建立铣削力模型获得各切深下工件所受铣削力数值的基础上,提出了一种基于APDL变形预测的补偿方法。实验证明与直接补偿方法相比,该方法能够较好的解决薄壁件在加工过程中的"让刀"现象,减小加工误差。     

自由曲面侧铣刀具轮廓与轨迹同步优化方法

针对自由曲面侧铣加工中轨迹规划困难、加工精度难保证等问题，提出了一种自由曲线母线类刀具的外形轮廓设计方法。该方法在优化刀具轮廓的同时，充分考虑了加工过程中的工件精度和刀轴光顺性问题，实现了自由曲线母线类刀具的形状设计和对应侧铣加工轨迹的生成。首先，通过分别定义刀具轮廓母线和刀轴轨迹面实现对刀具形状和侧铣加工轨迹的表达，并由此计算切削行上刀具工件干涉量来评价加工误差，以刀轴轨迹面能量评价刀轴光顺性，建立了基于加工误差和刀轴光顺性的刀具轮廓与加工轨迹的同步优化模型；其次，为实现对同步优化模型的求解，给出了基于序列逼近法的求解策略，以及优化初值中刀轴轨迹面控制参数和刀具轮廓控制参数获取方法；最后，分别通过加工轨迹规划实验和刀具轮廓设计实验，验证了本文算法在在自由曲面四轴侧铣加工刀具轮廓设计与加工轨迹优化中的正确性及有效性。研究成果为提高自由曲面类零件侧铣加工精度、实现侧铣加工刀具轮廓设计及侧铣加工轨迹规划提供了一种有效的方法和手段。     

高温合金复杂薄壁零件多道次充液拉深技术

充液拉深(HDD)技术是薄壁零件成形的一种有效方法.针对难成形,复杂薄壁结构的某型发动机高温合金板材零件,通过分析锥面自由悬空区的起皱失稳现象,设计了多道次充液拉深结合刚模成形的技术方案,并建立了有限元分析模型.基于有限元模拟和工艺验证试验,研究了预成形高度和终成形液室压力等关键工艺参数对零件最终成形质量的影响,探讨了...