美白宫发布新版《美国国家航天政策》

据中国航天科技信息网站2010年6月29日报道，6月28日白宫发布新版《美国国家航天政策》。新政策是总统对国家航天活动的指导；新的《国家航天政策》明确指出，总统将致力于振兴美国在太空中的领导地位，目的是为了维护太空环境的稳定与高效，供所有国家和平利用。     

美国发布新版《国家航天运输政策》

2013年11月21日,美国总统为美国航天运输计划和活动签署发布了新版《国家航天运输政策》,旨在对相关政府部门和机构提供航天运输方面的全面指导,确保美国继续保持在航天运输领域的地位,进而维护美国的国家利益。现将2013年新版《国家航天运输政策》编译如下,并加以解读,以飨读者。     

构建国际空间新秩序 巩固美国空间领导地位——美国《国家航天政策》评析

<正>2010年6月28日,美国总统奥巴马签发新的《国家航天政策》(以下简称新政策),以取代2006年8月出台的《国家航天政策》。与2006年的航天政策相比,新政策调整了具有"单边主义"色彩的相关内容,语气与措辞也相对比较平和。     

美总统下令全面评审美国航天政策

据《航天新闻》7月2日报道．作为一项彻底的评审工作的一部分．美国总统奥巴马已向其领导下的政府下令．要求在10月1日之前对美国现行的国家航天政策进行详细审查。这项评审有可能最终形成一项管理美国民用与军事航天活动的新战略。     

美国发布新的国家航天政策

2006年8月31日，美国布什总统批准了一项新的国家航天政策，为美国航天活动建立了顶层指导方针。自1996年9月14日实施的“总统决策指示／国家科技委员会-8／国家安全委员会-49，国家空间政策”因此废止。现将2006年10月6日白宫发布的非密版航天新政策全文刊登如下。[编者按]     

新版美国国家航天政策解读

<正>美国在2010年6月28日发布的《国家航天政策》中明确指出,总统将致力于振兴美国在太空中的领导地位,目的是为了维护太空环境的稳定与高效,供所有国家和平利用。     

渐进式调整:美国2010年国家航天政策的深度解析

<正>2010年6月28日,美国白宫新闻办公室发布了奥巴马政府的新版《美国国家航天政策》,取代了小布什政府于2006年发布的航天政策。该文件系统阐述了新一届美国政府在航天领域的目     

美国公布新的国家航天政策

美国总统布什已批准了一份全新的国家航天政策(全文另发),为用于管理美国航天活动行为的一项总体国家政策开了绿灯。这份新政策不仅支持探索月球、火星和更遥远太空的安排,还对“9·11”恐怖袭击后的世界局势做出反应,如指出了对美国国内外情报搜集的需求。这份新的航天政策称,     

美国航天发展的障碍与对策

美国总统布什2004年1月宣布美国新的太空探索愿景后，美国人文与科学学院邀请本文作者对美国的航天现状、计划和政策进行分析、评估，并对美国的航天发展提出建议，形成了《美国航天政策——挑战与机遇》的分析报告。该报告明确了美国航天计划所面临的挑战和机遇，对现行政策的客观后果给予了特别关注，指明了美国空间科学和探测进程中存在的障碍，并为消除这些障碍、促进美国航天发展提出了建议。本刊摘登此报告的主要内容，供参考。[编者按]     

国际合作成为美航天新政重点

<正>美国总统奥巴马6月28日推出的新版《国家航天政策》涉及众多问题和工作,包括遥感,也包括天基核动力系统的许可证办理。但迄今为止,新政策对国际合作的重视所引起的反响最大,尤其是赢得了那些批评上届政府航天政策存在单边主义倾向的人的赞扬。     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.     

美国国家航天政策

<正>航天时代始于两个超级大国为安全和威望而展开的一场竞赛。它带来的机遇是没有界线的。随后几十年里我们的日常生活方式出现了根本性转变,而这在很大程度上要归功于空间的利用。空间系统已把我们带往其它天体,并把人类的视野拉回到宇