作动器速率饱和时的PIO抑制方法

 作动器速率饱和会产生附加的时间延迟, 使系统稳定性大大降低, 并增加了驾驶员诱发振荡( PIO) 的趋势。为防止作动器速率饱和, 在飞控系统中一般设置了软件速率限制器。对比分析了3 种软件速率限制器, 探讨了它们的开环和闭环特性, 从研究角度出发, 提出了某型飞机在出现低液压故障情况下的PIO 抑制方案。非线性六自由度仿真结果表明, 该方案明显改善了算例飞机在严重低液压故障时的动态响应, 降低了PIO 趋势。     

地形冲突回避控制原理的研究

地形冲突是指飞行器与地面之间的相对位置发生矛盾,可能导致可控飞行撞地事故(CFIT)发生的潜在危险现象。在飞机飞行过程中,飞行员瞬间丧失知觉是飞行员自身因素导致飞行事故的一个重要问题,这个问题困扰着所有飞高性能战斗机的空军及其飞行员人员。丧失空间方向感又是一个更为严重的问题,它影响着空军和民航的飞行员人员。为了防止由于自身因素引起的飞行员和飞机的巨大损失,研究自动地形冲突回避系统是必要的。通过对地形冲突回避控制原理三种方案的研究分析表明:一种不需要飞行员涉入,一种需要飞行员涉入,即所谓人在回路之中,一种需要对外发射信号。     

In-Flight Simulators

The Flight Dynamics Laboratory (FDL) has sponsored and managed the development and use of several generations of in-flight simulators during the last thirty years. These vehicles were designed and fabricated, and are operated by the Flight Research Department of Calspan Corporation, Buffalo, New York. These unique aircraft have been used to develop control laws and control systems, to evaluate new aircraft before first flight, to provide specialized training for test pilots, to perform essential flight research in flying and handling qualities, and to develop and validate the military specifications for handling qualitites of piloted airplanes. As aircraft and control systems have become more complex and capable, systems integration issues have required more and more effort and resources.     

民用飞机设计驾驶舱操纵设备的评估

人机工效影响着飞行员操纵飞机的感受,因此在民用飞机设计过程中,对人机工效进行及早考虑是非常重要的。在民用飞机设计的各个阶段,都需要适时邀请具有一定资质的飞行员对驾驶舱的人机工效进行评估。对民用飞机设计中飞控驾驶舱飞行员评估方法进行介绍,对评估的要点进行总结分析,供相关工程设计人员参考。     

Refuse-to-crash: NASA tackles loss of control

The article reviews technologies under study at NASA that will alert pilots of loss of control in time to take action or be able to take necessary action to avoid crashing. Topics discussed include efforts to understand factors behind loss of control, how flight simulator data has been reviewed to develop a new understanding of aircraft aerodynamics, use of models to simulate accidents, and design changes resulting from the data collected.     

基于死区补偿的氧调器平稳切换自抗扰控制

歼击机中供氧系统内的氧气气压调节系统（氧调器系统）对飞行员的飞行质量至关重要。但是氧调器系统易受飞行环境和飞行员呼吸状态等因素的影响,而且氧调器所用阀门大多含有死区,会给控制系统带来稳态误差,导致控制难度增大,一般的控制策略难以兼顾补偿较大死区和抗扰两个条件。针对此问题,建立了基于音圈电机驱动阀的氧调器系统模型,并针对模型死区特性采用了死区补偿和双限幅模块,设计了基于死区补偿的平稳切换自抗扰控制策略。仿真及对比结果表明：采用同一套控制参数,可以使氧气面罩内压强在各个呼吸频率时有效,并快速地控制在呼吸阻力容许界限以内;并且其呼吸阻力低于将死区看作扰动的一般自抗扰控制（ADRC）。同时,验证了此策略的鲁棒性和抗扰性。     

现代电传操纵飞机驾驶员手操纵器试飞演示

介绍了１９９４年在俄罗斯格罗莫夫飞行研究（ＦＲＩ）的Ｔｙ－１５４Ｍ空中飞行模拟器上进行的现代电传操纵飞机试飞演示的情况，其中包括试飞文件编写，飞行前训练，飞行试验，驾驶员评定，数据处理和编写技术报告等内容，对现代电传操纵飞机驾驶员手操纵器试飞方法进行了综合分析与研究，获得了一些实践经验，可供国内同行参考。     

基于单边效能的纵向操纵适航符合性分析

为满足独联体(CIS)适航相关条例要求,对新舟60飞机现有的单套机械硬式升降舵操纵系统进行了改进。将升降舵左右驾驶联动操纵,改进为卡滞情况下可以断开联动,左右驾驶员分别控制左右升降舵。针对改进情况,通过风洞试验,获得了无动力和带动力条件下单边升降舵卡滞的升降舵效率。根据试验结果分析了纵向操纵恢复飞行品质及适航条例符合性,为后续飞行试验验证及适航取证奠定了基础。     

大型运输机推力不对称补偿控制律设计

为了补偿推力不对称对大型飞机造成的影响,基于推力不对称对飞机姿态及运动的影响分析,提出了引入侧滑角反馈的横航向控制律补偿方案,并进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,补偿后的控制律能够减小侧向偏离、侧滑角及滚转角,保持航向和飞行姿态,从而减轻了飞行员负担,保证了飞行安全。     

飞行力学和飞行控制试飞技术

为了适应高增益,全权限数字电传操纵系统飞行试验的需要,利用已研制成功的多台地面飞行模拟器和ＢＷ－１纵向,ＩＦＳＴＡ三自由度空中飞行模拟试验机,模型自由飞研究以及具有现代先进水平的机载数据采集记录和地面实时监控系统等设备和技术手段,进行了电传飞机的飞行品质和飞控稳定性等问题的研究,包括试飞输入设计,电传飞机飞行品质,电传飞控系统稳定裕度等。最后,提出了对下一代飞机飞行力学和飞行控制方面需要研究的试飞     

Real-time parameter identification applied to flight simulation

In-flight simulations are normally accomplished using model-following control laws which depend on accurate knowledge of the stability derivatives of the host aircraft. Degraded simulation results if the stability derivatives deviate considerably from their presumed values. Gain scheduling is often used to compensate for plant parameter variations, but this form of open-loop compensation usually requires extensive flight testing for proper fine tuning. An adaptive, fast-sampling control law to compensate for changing aircraft parameters is described. The step-response matrix required for implementation is identified recursively using a technique which does not need special test signals, and which automatically discounts old data depending on the input excitation detected. Tracking fidelity is maintained despite parameter changes which occur abruptly or slowly, and actuator position and rate limiting are discussed. The performance of the resulting system is excellent and demonstrates the relative advantages of adaptive controllers for in-flight simulation     

系统安全性评估中飞行机组人为因素的分析方法

随着飞机系统日益高度综合复杂和自动化水平逐渐提高,飞行员在应对失效或应急情况时往往准备不足,纠正动作可能是不正确、不及时或不完整的,因此系统安全性评估中迫切需要考虑飞行机组人为因素问题。通过分析CCAR25.1309（b）和（c）条款的要求和飞行机组对失效的处理过程,基于功能危险性评估中的失效状态,提出人为因素需求的捕获方法和人为因素分析方法;通过在型号中应用这些方法,从失效状态向告警和程序的角度实现安全性正向设计,建立安全性评估中飞行机组人为因素的完整适航符合性证据链。结果表明：本文提出的方法可有效表明对CCAR25.1309（b）和（c）条款中人为因素相关的适航符合性。     

Virtual flight test techniques to predict a blended-wing-body aircraft in-flight departure characteristics

As one of the promising configurations of the next generation of commercial aircraft,research on departure characteristics of the Blended-Wing-Body(BWB) is of great signification to safe flight limits. A three-degree-of-freedom(3-DOF) virtual flight test in a wind tunnel has been implemented for a candidate configuration to predict the departure characteristics. The support mechanism, the test model and the control law of the virtual flight test are introduced. In order to show the relationship ...     

Real-time evaluation method of flight mission load based on sensitivity analysis of physiological factors

As the complexity of flight missions continues to increase, sending a timely warning or providing assistance to pilots helps to reduce the probability of operational errors and flight accidents. Monitoring pilots’ physiological data, real-time evaluation of mission load is a feasible technical way to achieve this. In this paper, a set of flight tasks including aircraft control, humancomputer interaction and mental arithmetic tests are designed to simulate five mission loads at different flight d...     

民用飞机适航取证中的APC/PIO评估方法

总结了MA600飞机在适航取证过程中所做的APC/PIO研究与评估工作。根据APC/PIO产生的机理及类型,理论分析了MA600的APC/PIO易感性及可能发生的类型;选择适合于运输机的预测准则,对纵向和横向的APC/PIO易感性进行了评估和分析;制定了试飞大纲,由试飞员在全动飞行模拟器上完成了试飞任务,并对其APC/PIO趋势做出了评分和评语;最后,对试飞数据进行了分析,所得结果与理论分析结果、准则评估结果及试飞员评语一致,表明MA600飞机没有发生APC/PIO的趋势,满足适航条例对APC/PIO的要求。     

着陆进场时的最小可操纵速度

简要叙述了飞机在着陆复飞时临界发动机突然失效情况下的最小可操纵速度和临界发动机不工作进场形态下的最小可操纵速度的试飞目的、方法、要求及注意事项，并结合试飞体会，归纳了驾驶飞机的操纵要点，以供试飞员和飞行人员参考。     

基于WPF的民机试飞数据实时监控画面开发系统设计与研究

试飞数据实时监控程序是大型民机试飞过程中不可或缺的重要支持性工具。随着机载测试系统网络化进程的不断深入,数量庞大、类型复杂的试飞参数给监控程序的开发带来了巨大的挑战。基于WPF(Windows Presentation Foundation)平台,利用XAML文件的序列化和反序列化、反射、DataBinding等技术设计了一套用于开发试飞数据实时监控程序的系统。在设计端,系统以拖拽显示控件的方式实现监控程序的快速集成和管理,将以往数周的准备周期缩短为数小时;在运行端,系统利用三层架构可实时驱动数百台监控终端,为某型客机的首飞及取证试飞提供了技术支持。     

A pilot-centered autoflight system concept

Ease of use has become a primary concern in avionics recently. Pilot training time represents a significant cost to aircraft operators, and the importance of human factors considerations in safety has been highlighted by the FAA, who notes that human error is a cause in roughly 70% of aircraft accidents. These concerns have led to a new focus on human-centered design, which seeks to define system functionality based on the user's perspective rather than that of the designer. We have used the principles of user-centered design to develop a new autoflight system concept that integrates the autopilot and flight management system functions into a single user interface that most pilots can learn to use within about fifteen minutes. This is in contrast to the weeks required to learn a typical flight management system     

Water takeoff performance calculation method for amphibious aircraft based on digital virtual flight

Owing to the strong coupling among the hydrodynamic forces, aerodynamic forces and motion of amphibious aircraft during the water takeoff process, the water takeoff performance is difficult to calculate accurately and quickly. Based on an analysis of the dynamics and kinematics characteristics of amphibious aircraft and the hydrodynamic theory of high-speed planing hulls, a suitable mathematical model is established for calculating the hydrodynamics of aircraft during water takeoff. A pilot model is designed to illustrate how pilots are affected by the lack of visual reference and the necessity to simultaneously control the pitch angle, flight velocity and other parameters during water takeoff. Combined with the aerodynamic model, engine thrust model and aircraft motion model, a digital virtual flight simulation model is developed for amphibious aircraft during water takeoff, and a calculation method for the water takeoff performance of amphibious aircraft is proposed based on digital virtual flight. Typical performance indicators, such as the liftoff time and liftoff distance, can be obtained via digital virtual flight calculations. A comparison of the measured flight test data and the calculation results shows that the calculation error is less than 10%, which verifies the correctness and accuracy of the proposed method. This method can be used for the preliminary evaluation of airworthiness compliance of amphibious aircraft design schemes, and the relevant calculation results can also provide a theoretical reference for the formulation of flight test plans for airworthiness certification.     

Flying the Desk

The terminology ``flying the desk' has had a bad connotation for aviators over the years, inferring that a pilot has been relegated from the aircraft cockpit to an earthbound office. A unique advanced transport flight station design, described in this paper, could change that implication. The Lockheed-Georgia Company, in a joint project with NASA, has designed, developed, and fabricated a high fidelity flight station simulator for researching issues pertaining to transport aircraft of the mid-1990s and beyond. Early in the program the need and operational requirements for an advanced transport were identified, operating environments were forecast, and technologies available for application to future aircraft were projected. The flight station and all crew systems were designed and initially tested in a full scale mockup by operational line pilots. The refined design was then incorporated into three identical full-mission flight station simulators located at NASA's Ames and Langley Research Centers and at Lockheed's plant in Marietta, Georgia. These simulators contain the unique Pilot's Desk Flight Station design, a radical departure from traditional transport cockpits. The desk design resembles an office or laboratory workstation.