空间太阳能电站聚光模式研究

空间太阳能电站是指能够在轨道上将太阳能通过工程技术手段有效采集、转化并传输到地面,再转化成为电能供地面使用的系统。聚光是空间太阳能收集的途径之一,多种SSPS方案采用了聚光方式。文章介绍了聚光式SSPS的研究现状,对现有SSPS方案中的不同聚光技术方案进行了综述分析,将空间太阳能电站聚光技术划分为3个层次,总结成4种模式,详细分析了每种模式的优点与技术难点,并对聚光式空间太阳能电站的发展提出建议。     

空间太阳能电站微波能量传输验证方案设计

微波能量传输技术作为空间太阳能电站(Space Solar Power Station,SSPS)的关键技术之一,目前的研究和验证工作均集中在各单项技术的突破和验证,缺乏针对SSPS系统特点的全面优化设计。文章根据SSPS的工作模式给出了全面验证空间太阳能电站微波能量传输的验证系统方案设计,对收发天线进行了一体化设计,利用了幅度近似高斯分布的发射阵列场分布设计和低反射的接收整流阵列设计,以高精度来波方向测量和高精度移相控制为波束指向控制的技术途径。对验证系统的波束收集效率进行了分析,收集效率可达94.2%,比传统均匀分布系统高出17.6%。验证系统可从系统规模缩比、波束扫描范围、发射天线口径场分布、整流天线处功率密度、反向波束控制方法等方面模拟SSPS微波能量传输工作模式,推动SSPS系统技术的发展。     

空间太阳能电站微波能量传输验证方案设计

微波能量传输技术作为空间太阳能电站（SpaceSolarPowerStation,SSPS）的关键技术之一,目前的研究和验证工作均集中在各单项技术的突破和验证,缺乏针对SSPS系统特点的全面优化设计。文章根据SSPS的工作模式给出了全面验证空间太阳能电站微波能量传输的验证系统方案设计,对收发天线进行了一体化设计,利用了幅度近似高斯分布的发射阵列场分布设计和低反射的接收整流阵列设计,以高精度来波方向测量和高精度移相控制为波束指向控制的技术途径。对验证系统的波束收集效率进行了分析,收集效率可达94.2%,比传统均匀分布系统高出17.6%。验证系统可从系统规模缩比、波束扫描范围、发射天线口径场分布、整流天线处功率密度、反向波束控制方法等方面模拟SSPS微波能量传输工作模式,推动SSPS系统技术的发展。     

空间太阳能电站分级分体式控制方式初探

空间太阳能电站具有大尺度、大柔性的结构特性,由于分段组装及模块化设计,其执行机构和敏感器又具有分散布设的特点。针对电站结构中电池阵对日定向、天线阵对地定向和天线阵型面保持等控制精度差距较大、控制难度不一致的任务需求,提出同时满足不同结构控制精度并能实现燃料最优的控制系统设计准则。通过分析超大尺度空间结构在环境力矩以及对接组装过程中出现的振动现象,说明了电站控制的特殊性。借鉴分布式控制、多操纵面控制、带有活动部件的多体航天器姿态控制等控制方法,提出了适用于空间太阳能电站姿态轨道振动一体化控制的分级分体式控制方式,给出一种利用结构物理隔断实现不同结构单元隔振减振的建议。将其应用于空间太阳能电站姿态轨道控制系统中,将有可能减小控制难度,减少燃料消耗,提升控制冗余。     

微波能量传输系统设计及试验

面向空间太阳能电站应用,进行了固态体制微波能量传输技术研究。针对能量传输波束扩散导致收集效率低的问题,研究了基于人工媒质理论设计的完美匹配层的能量接收整流表面,通过调节人工媒质单元的结构参数实现天线输出阻抗与整流电路输入阻抗的共轭匹配,同时抑制整流电路高次谐波,省去原有匹配及低通滤波器,简化电路结构、实现高效微波能量吸收与转换。以空间太阳能电站规定的波束中心传输微波功率密度限制作为能量接收整流表面设计的约束条件,设计能量接收整流表面,结合固态体制微波能量发射端,搭建5.8GHz小规模微波能量传输系统开展了地面试验验证,实测结果显示整流表面能量转换效率最高为57.7%。此次试验验证了先进的固态能量传输试验系统,为空间太阳能地面缩比试验及未来空间太阳能电站的建设提供了技术支撑。     

中国空间太阳能电站已处试验阶段

正全国人大代表、载人飞船系统总设计师张柏楠"两会"期间向记者透露,中国航天科技集团公司五院"钱学森空间技术实验室"团队已开展太阳能电站具体研究工作,目前正处于研究试验阶段。空间太阳能电站是指在太空中将太阳能转化为电能,通过无线能量传输方式传输到地面,或是直接将太阳光反射到地面、在地面进行发电的系统。该系     

微波能量传输系统设计及试验

面向空间太阳能电站应用,进行了固态体制微波能量传输技术研究。针对能量传输波束扩散导致收集效率低的问题,研究了基于人工媒质理论设计的完美匹配层的能量接收整流表面,通过调节人工媒质单元的结构参数实现天线输出阻抗与整流电路输入阻抗的共轭匹配,同时抑制整流电路高次谐波,省去原有匹配及低通滤波器,简化电路结构、实现高效微波能量吸收与转换。以空间太阳能电站规定的波束中心传输微波功率密度限制作为能量接收整流表面设计的约束条件,设计能量接收整流表面,结合固态体制微波能量发射端,搭建5.8GHz小规模微波能量传输系统开展了地面试验验证,实测结果显示整流表面能量转换效率最高为57.7%。此次试验验证了先进的固态能量传输试验系统,为空间太阳能地面缩比试验及未来空间太阳能电站的建设提供了技术支撑。     

空间太阳能电站地球同步拉普拉斯轨道动力学特性

现有关于空间太阳能电站(SpaceSolarPowerStation,SSPS)轨道动力学的研究中,均将其放置于地球静止轨道（GeostationaryOrbit,GEO〖BF〗）,然而这并非最优的工作轨道。文章提出了一种优于ＧＥＯ的地球同步拉普拉斯（GeosynchronousLaplacePlane,GLP）轨道。首先,建立了轨道运动模型及影响轨道运动的摄动模型,包括地球非球形引力摄动、日月引力摄动、太阳光压力摄动及微波反冲力摄动;然后,提出了评估空间太阳能电站轨道的3个指标：接收功率、轨道适用性和安全性,并据此分析了GLP轨道相对于ＧＥＯ的优势。最后,给出了数值仿真算例。结果表明：在发电功率大致相同且满足供电需求的情况下,工作在GLP上的SSPS每年大约能节省用于轨道保持的燃料364534kg。     

空间太阳能电站建设:难题不少 前景广阔

<正>前不久,我国首个空间太阳能电站实验基地在重庆启动,该基地建成后开展的基础性实验和应用研究,将对我国今后建设空间太阳能电站、改变传统能源传输方式、破解能源供给难题等产生重大意义。另外,空间太阳能电站系统项目的地面验证平台也将在西安落成,它用于对空间太阳能电站功能与效率进行系统验证。那么,什么是空间太阳能电站?为何要在太空建造太阳能电站?怎样建     

空间太阳能电站无线能量传输技术

<正>21世纪人类面临着非常严峻的能源形势。太阳能是持久稳定的清洁能源,大规模开发利用太阳能将有希望彻底解决人类的能源危机。空间太阳能电站是高效利用太阳能的有效途径,受到了国际的广泛关注。空间无线能量传输是实现空间太阳能电站的核心关键技术,国内外已对基于微波与激光的无线能量传输技术开展研究。微波无线能量传输技术可以追溯到1899年,长时间的发展使该技术成熟度高,特别是微波发射及接收器件的更新换代,也让微波无线能量传输技术成为最早纳入空间太阳能电站设想的核心技术。激光无线能量传输技术兴起于2000年左     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.