地面恢复对“阿斯特拉”5A的控制

泰雷兹·阿莱尼亚空间公司表示,地面技术人员已成功恢复了对1月份失控的“阿斯特拉”5A卫星的控制。作为卫星建造者,该公司已同负责为SES阿斯特拉公司控制该卫星的瑞典航天公司一起,降低了卫星的自旋速度。使其太阳能帆板能在足够长的时间内保持指向太阳,以为蓄电池充电。瑞典航天公司已开始让星上发动机进行一系列的点火工作,逐步地把卫星轨道提升到静地轨道环以上的弃星轨道。SES公司表示,他们不会让卫星恢复工作,而是要将其放入静地轨道环上方200千米～300千米的弃星轨道,防止它影响其它卫星运行。     

基于BP神经网络的介质表面充电电位反演方法

为了实现全面、实时的在轨卫星充放电风险分析,基于在相同环境下,不同材料表面充电的关联性,利用BP神经网络建立了一种由Kapton材料表面充电电位反演卫星其他常用介质材料表面电位的模型。以Kapton材料的表面电位以及材料厚度为输入,其他介质材料的表面电位作为模型输出,使用COMSOL建立的表面充电模型对神经网络进行训练,将反演误差降低到10%以下,并利用Kapton与Teflon材料表面充电地面试验数据验证反演模型的准确性,结果显示Teflon表面电位的反演值与实测值间的相对误差小于16%。     

基于神经网络及深层充电的电子通量反演模型

为了实现对空间高能电子通量的估计及航天器深层充放电的风险评估,基于深层充电和空间电子环境的关联性,利用人工神经网络（ANN）建立了一种由深层充电反演空间高能电子环境的模型。以深层充电探测电流密度及电子能量作为模型输入,电子通量作为模型输出,使用AE9模型对神经网络进行训练,将神经网络的MSE降低到了0.04122,并使用Giove A卫星的深层充电探测数据及GOES卫星的电子通量探测数据验证了模型反演电子环境的准确性。同时对由探测电流计算航天器典型介质材料最大内电场的神经网络模型进行了研究,以实现对航天器内充电风险实时评估。     

2012年3月9日中国某地球同步轨道卫星故障原因分析

利用GOES-15, SDO, SOHO卫星以及国际地磁台网的地磁活动指数数据, 对中国 某颗地 球同步轨道卫星(以GEO-X代替)在2012年3月9日02:50UTC发生的异常原因进 行了研究, 分析故障发生期间的空间天气特点, 采用文献[8]提出的SEAES-GEO空 间环境引起地球同步轨道卫星异常的专家系统对卫星故障期间的内部充电危 险系数、单粒子效应危险系数以及表面充电危险系数进行定量计算和危险等 级划分. 结果表明, 在卫星故障时刻, 其内部充电危险系数小于3, 表面充电危险 系数约为0.0011, 表面充电和内部充电不是造成GEO-X故障的原因; 受故障期间 质子事件影响, 单粒子效应危险系数持续维持在1以上, GEO-X卫星故障时刻单 粒子效应危险系数Z_SEE达到46.3, 正好处于单粒子效应危险等级的 红色阶段. 因此研究认为单粒子效应可能是造成本次卫星故障的主要原因.      

星上二次电源的故障分析

星上二次电源—蓄电池是限制卫星、特别是通信卫星工作寿命的主要因素之一。众所周知,星上蓄电池的工作寿命取决于工作循环类型和蓄电池的种类。在过去二十年里,实际用作空间能源贮存设备的是氧化镍-镉蓄电池,银-氢、镍-氢以及燃料电池也起到了重大的作用。表1列出了各种空间     

日本天文卫星出电力故障

5月24日,日本宇宙探索局的“光”红外天文卫星因出现重大电力故障而转入节电模式,关掉了星上观测设备。虽然故障使星上科学仪器在卫星进入地影时无法工作,但该机构仍希望这颗部分瘫痪的卫星能继续运行。初步调查发现,虽太阳能电池阵仍在发电,但卫星却无法存储所发电力,很可能是星上蓄电池或电力系统出了问题。     

基于多特征融合的航天器锂电池健康评估技术

传统的航天器蓄电池可靠性试验按照最大放电深度进行定额充放电，所构建的失效模型用于支撑航天器总体可靠性设计，不能用于在轨锂离子蓄电池健康评估任务；航天器在蓄电池遥测的采样率、精度、样本量方面无法与民用领域相比，基于高采样、大样本的民用蓄电池健康估计方法也不适用于在轨锂离子蓄电池健康评估。针对该问题，从在轨航天器蓄电池数据特性出发，挖掘在轨状态下所能提取的退化特征，并采用多特征综合评价方法，设计了一种基于多特征融合的在轨锂离子蓄电池健康评估方法，实现了在轨蓄电池放电内阻、同放电深度下的终端电压、恒压充电时间3项退化特征融合的健康量化评估，应用于某型号卫星的在轨监测与健康评估，具有良好的工程实用性，可作为国内航天器健康评估技术的参考。     

屏蔽材料对木星轨道卫星内部介质充电效应的影响研究

在木星轨道的空间辐射环境中,占主导地位的粒子是能量大于1MeV（甚至高于100MeV）的高能电子,这可能会产生卫星内部介质充电效应。在卫星的防辐射设计中,通常需要一定厚度的材料来屏蔽这些电子,使得进入卫星内部的电子通量达到安全的水平。利用所建立的GEANT4-RIC（radiation induced conductivity）方法,研究了运行于木星轨道的卫星对高能电子的最佳屏蔽材料设计。研究了铝、钛、铁、铜、钽和铅作为卫星屏蔽材料的可能性。研究结果表明,在木星探测任务中,为了减轻卫星内部介质充电效应,高原子序数材料比低原子序数材料在相同质量下提供的屏蔽效果更好。因此,用钛、铁、铜、钽或铅代替地球轨道卫星上常用的屏蔽材料铝,可以节省屏蔽质量。     

航天器介质深层充电模拟研究

针对航天器介质深层充电问题,提出了一种基于蒙特卡罗模拟和充电动力学RIC模型的介质电荷分布及电场预估新方法,利用地面试验验证了其正确性.航天器介质平板充电过程被简化为屏蔽铝板与分层介质组成的Geant 4模型,通过统计方法计算出了实际入射束流下Teflon介质内的注入电流密度和剂量率分布曲线,利用RIC模型获得了背面接地时介质中的电荷密度和电场分布,利用脉冲电声法(PEA)对不同束流密度辐照下的Teflon内部空间电荷密度进行了测量.数值模拟和地面试验结果表明,Teflon在100 keV能量电子辐照下,电荷密度和电场随着束流密度的增加而不断增大,其电荷密度峰值位置约为0.042 mm,且背面接地时接地侧电场最大.由于Geant 4粒子输运模拟和RIC模型具有通用性,因此该方法适用于各种航天器介质材料.      

地球静止卫星粒子辐射屏蔽和充电设计原则

文章描述了总剂量屏蔽和减小静电充电影响的方法。并且指出总剂量方法足以满足卫星的在轨性能,改进充电设计用以满足卫星性能的要求。     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

清镇陨石（EH3）中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Progress in tropospheric ammonia retrieval from the MIPAS satellite instrument

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding is a polar orbiting high resolution mid-infrared emission limb sounder with a nominal vertical resolution of 3 km. Work to extend the list of routinely retrieved species led to the examination of ammonia, NH₃. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of upper tropospheric retrievals around 6-km altitude, discussing appropriate methods. We demonstrate a weak north to south gradient outside the error bars, using co-addition to improve signal-to-noise and compare these first results with a model.     

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data

Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions.     

Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.     

An all-sky survey at 230 GHz by MLS on Aura

The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument is a small satellite-borne radio telescope. Its purpose is to make limb-scanning measurements of atmospheric composition. One of the gases to which it is sensitive is carbon monoxide (CO), detected via the J = 2 → 1 rotational transition at 230 GHz. CO is present in molecular gas clouds in the Milky Way. Although it was not designed for the purpose, MLS can detect emissions from galactic CO, allowing a map of the 230 GHz radio sky to be constructed. We report the MLS measurements of galactic radio emission and discuss their effect on the atmospheric mission of MLS. The region of the Milky Way with emissions strong enough to significantly affect MLS observations of atmospheric CO is identified. Ground-based radio astronomers have been mapping the sky using CO emission for many years. However, the MLS data are the first such survey to be carried out from space. The MLS survey covers a larger area of the sky than any other 230 GHz survey, but no previously unknown gas clouds are observed.