复杂母线鼓形刀具宽行侧铣加工算法

基于宏域曲率吻合原则充分优化刀具参数,以鼓形刀有效特征线段上一端点与加工曲面的误差偏置面重合进行初步定位,通过调整鼓形刀具上有效特征线段端点的位置及刀具在该点绕曲面表面法矢方向和走刀方向旋转的角度以避免干涉和实现刀位优化,最终获得行宽为最大的无干涉刀位。     

沿曲面交线多坐标数控加工的算法研究

分析了曲面交线加工中刀具的偏置类型,提出了新的交线加工刀位轨迹生成算法。该算法利用曲面跟踪求交算法计算两曲面交线,并根据交线处曲面局部微分几何性质推算刀具的初始位置,然后采用牛顿迭代算法精确刀位。该算法的优点是能够精确控制刀具与曲面的加工误差,可处理单支点、双支点偏置情况下球头刀、平底刀、圆角刀的交线域加工,算法稳定、统一。     

环面工具加工叶根过渡曲面的刀位可行域

利用环面工具加工过渡曲面时经常发生整体干涉,主要原因是缺乏对复杂环面工具加工复杂曲面时刀位可行域的研究。虽然采用常规的优化方法在大范围内对可行刀位进行搜索是可行的,但是需要耗费大量时间。为了避免刀具与过渡曲面的干涉并同时提高加工效率,研究了一种更加符合此区域结构特点的刀位优化算法,使得叶根过渡曲面得以无干涉地整体宽行加工。通过对典型叶根过渡曲面的可行刀位进行研究,发现其可行域形状为盾形,且行宽最大的刀位位于该盾形区域的两个底部边界上,有时位于该边界的端点上。根据该原理提出一种最优刀位搜索方法——沿着盾形区域底部边界搜索,应用最优化的刀位可行域以获得高的加工效率。以某航空发动机叶片的叶根过渡曲面为例进行了刀位优化计算、仿真和加工实验,验证了该方法在叶根过渡曲面加工中的有效性。     

叶片型面曲率属性对数控铣削加工过程的影响

提出了一种基于曲面曲率属性分析数控铣削加工过程的方法.该方法通过在构建的自由曲面上规划走刀轨迹,建立刀位轨迹等参数曲线,来分析等参数曲线曲率属性对加工干涉和加工带宽度的影响.同时,通过对刀位轨迹和残留高度与曲面曲率属性之间关系的研究,获得了影响数控铣削加工效率、加工精度及发生干涉的一些规律.此外,研究表明通过对刀具半径、残留高度与加工表面曲率之间的吻合关系曲线合理优化,可有效提高加工带宽度.试验结果证明该曲面曲率属性分析数控铣削加工过程的方法是有效的,加工效率可提高5%~8%.      

基于经线划分的非圆截面环形刀具刀位优化算法

目前环形刀具的刀位算法均未考虑圆刀片安装时存在的俯仰角和偏转角,因而在理论上存在较大的编程误差。针对实际使用刀具为非圆截面环形刀具的情况,通过对环形刀具的截面曲线进行分析,提出了一种基于经线划分的非圆截面环形刀具刀位优化算法。首先利用经线法求解出刀具表面和工件曲面之间的误差分布,然后根据此误差分布来调整刀具位置和姿态,使刀具表面与设计曲面在不发生干涉的情况下实现密切接触,从而得到刀具在指定定位点处的最优刀位。仿真结果表明,传统的五坐标刀位算法会产生较大的加工误差,而本文提出的算法消除了圆刀片安装时存在的俯仰角和偏转角所引起的加工误差,可有效提高复杂曲面的加工精度并获得满足给定编程公差的优化刀位。     

复杂曲面五坐标加工中双线驱动刀轨规划(英文)

针对目前利用包含环面刀具等多种刀具加工复杂曲面时普遍存在的不能实现一阶连续问题,本文提出了一种复杂曲面五坐标加工中双线驱动刀轨规划算法。该方法首先利用多点法来优化每一个刀位,从而获得整行刀轨的最大加工带宽,于是可以在工件曲面上确定两条驱动线。然后,在保证刀轨光顺的前提下,使刀具沿着两条驱动线滑动,且在每个刀触点处都重新定位刀具。最后,通过仿真和加工试验来验证该方法的有效性,并利用三坐标测量机对加工型面进行了测量,结果表明该方法能有效地消除相邻刀轨衔接处的尖锐残高、保证刀轨的光顺性和提高曲面的加工质量。     

基于环面刀具的叶片过渡区域宽行加工技术

基于“最短距离线对”(SDCP)刀位误差分布计算原理,提出了一种利用圆环面刀具来进行叶片过渡区域的宽行加工的刀位优化数学模型.以圆环面刀具的环心圆前沿上的各点到被加工曲面等距面的误差在控制范围内,后沿上的各点到被加工曲面等距面的误差大于零,以及环心圆上的各点到相邻曲面等距面的误差大于零作为刀位计算的约束条件,以行宽作为...     

复杂通道类零件五坐标加工全局干涉处理方法

 针对复杂通道类零件五坐标端铣加工中全局干涉问题,提出一种基于临界约束与临界位置精细化的干涉处理方法。通过分析刀杆碰撞干涉特点,以切触点处垂直于走刀方向平面与被加工曲面交线为基础,计算刀具的初始临界位置。在零件坐标系下,建立自动编程刀具轮廓函数,基于初始临界位置,选定与刀具临近点集。在刀具坐标系下,采用距离监视的方法计算点集到临界刀轴的距离,判断干涉点集,计算与之对应的刀具旋转角度集,选取最大的旋转角,从而确定出无干涉刀轴矢量。算例结果表明,该方法能够快速确定干涉检测范围,准确生成无干涉刀位轨迹。     

复杂曲面边界槽五座标数控加工的刀位计算

以两种较简单的加工──交线及底曲面的刀位计算结果产生槽加工的刀位数据。提出了刀具位置边界槽及基于边界槽的刀位计算方法。该算法中刀心位置由底面加工的刀心轨迹相对边界槽裁剪而得;刀轴矢量由边界槽空间网格划分产生。提出并证明了用于获得无干涉的和均匀变化的刀轴矢量的空间网格划分的准则。本文算法可对带岛屿及复杂曲面边界的槽进行五座标数控加工的刀位计算。     

基于包络理论的刀位误差快速求解算法

 针对五坐标数控加工中刀位误差计算效率较低的问题,提出了一种基于包络原理的刀位误差快速计算方法。首先,通过描述刀位误差与最短距离线段的关系建立两者的关系式。其次,将工件曲面沿进给方向离散成若干条截型线,基于包络原理推导出工件曲面截型线到刀具曲面的距离最短点应满足的基本方程,通过求解该方程获得最短距离线段和刀位误差,建立误差分布曲线。最后,分析了W形和V形误差分布曲线的特点,对曲面截型线离散精度的确定方法进行了研究。在此基础上,设计了计算流程,开发了计算程序,算例结果表明:所提方法与原方法相比,计算效率有了很大的提高。     

多轴加工刀轨最优行距计算方法研究

以五轴加工为例,对多轴加工行距提出了一套刀轨最优行距计算方法。该方法通过推导五轴加工刀具运动刃口回转面包络方程,计算相邻轨迹刀具包络面的交线,即残余凸台的顶尖线,进一步计算该线到加工曲面的距离,从而得到最大残余高度值,由此判断当前行距的优劣,据此进行进一步的搜索,最终得到最优的行距。     

Influence mechanism of machining angles on force induced error and their selection in five axis bullnose end milling

In the machining of complicated surfaces, the cutters with large length/diameter ratios are used widely and the deformation of the machining system is one of the principal error sources. During the process planning stage, the cutting direction angle, the cutter lead and tilt angles are usually optimized to minimize the force induced error. It may lead to a low machining efficiency for bullnose end mills, as the material removal rates are different largely for different machining angles. In this paper, the influence mechanism of the machining angles on the force induced error is studied based on the models of the instantaneous cutting force when the cutter flute traveling through the cutting contact point and the stiffness of the machining system. In order to evaluate the machining angles, the force induced error/efficiency indicator (FEI) is defined as the division of the force induced error and the equal volume sphere of the removed material. FEI is dimensionless, with the lower FEI, the lower force induced error and the higher machining efficiency. For optimal selection of the machining angles, the critical FEI is calculated with the constraint of force induced error and the desired material removal rate, and the critical FEI separate the set of the machining angles into two subsets. After the feed rate scheduling process, the machining angles in the optimal subset would have higher machining accuracy and efficiency, while the machining angles in the other subset have lower machining accuracy and efficiency. Through the machining experiment of five axis machining and freeform surface machining, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed FEI method is verified with a bullnose end mill, which can improve the machining efficiency with the constraint of force induced error.     

Intelligent NURBS Interpolator Based on the Adaptive Feedrate Control

首先分析了NURBS曲线的特点和NURBS曲线插补的参数值的求取方法;其次,在可控弓高误差算法的基础上,提出了一种简单而实用的NURBS曲线的自适应插补算法,该算法充分考虑到了机床的实际加工能力,对曲线段进行提前预插补,提前预插补减速所需的最大插补周期数,实现了进给速度提前减速,能使加工进给速度自适应地随着曲率半径和曲率半径的变化率的变化而变化,使得加工运动更平滑;并且该方法还避免了因加工曲线终点的判断而带来的复杂计算;最后给出了快速求取插补点的三次NURBS曲线动态矩阵表示和曲线曲率的快速计算方法。     

一种基于点搜索的叶轮清根轨迹生成方法(英文)

清根区域的加工质量严重影响着叶轮的工作性能。为了快速地规划出清根加工刀位轨迹并获得较好的表面加工质量,提出了一种基于点搜索的叶轮清根轨迹生成方法。本文中的清根加工主要包括利用球头刀对自由曲面叶轮进行单刀清根和多刀清根。对于单刀清根,刀心位置通过判断其是否满足距离准则来确定。在确定了搜索方向和追踪方向后,借助于点搜索算法,得到所有切触点,刀位点以及清根边界,从而生成刀位轨迹。基于单刀清根的原理,提出了一种分层多刀清根的方法,清根刀具半径小于清根圆角设计半径。使用一系列中间虚拟刀具将清根区域分成若干层,给定最后一层的残留高度,然后计算出所有刀位轨迹。最后给出了仿真实例,结果证明了所提方法的可行性。     

叶轮四坐标数控加工中刀轴矢量的计算

对于任意曲面叶轮的四坐标加工，提出了一种计算刀轴矢量的方法。由于四坐标铣床自由度的限制，根据曲面上接触点的几何量计算出的刀轴矢量，不一定能在四坐标系床上实现。以四坐标铣床的主轴位置为初始刀轴矢量，以倾斜工作台的法矢量为旋转轴，形成一组刀位矢量，这些矢量组成一个锥形面；在这组矢量中，求出与由曲面几何量计算出的刀轴矢量最相近的矢量，并且使刀具处于该刀轴矢量时与叶片不发生干涉，将这个矢量作为最终的刀轴矢量。     

基于控制线的开式整体叶盘叶片四轴数控加工刀轴控制方法

针对开式整体叶盘叶片数控加工中存在的干涉及刀轴变化稳定性问题,提出了一种基于刀轴控制线的四轴刀轴矢量控制方法。阐述了基于刀轴控制线的四轴刀轴控制基本原理,通过对四轴无干涉刀轴摆动区间的计算,建立了四轴无干涉刀轴控制面;根据控制线生成准则,给出了在刀轴控制面上生成刀轴控制线的具体算法。实验验证表明,该方法不仅可解决开式整体叶盘叶片加工中的刀具干涉问题,而且有效避免了刀轴突变引起的叶片啃伤现象,明显提高了叶片表面的加工质量。     

直纹面叶轮刀具轨迹规划的研究(英文)

At present, most commercial computer-aided manufacturing （CAM） systems are deficient in efficiency and performances on generating tool path during machining impellers. To solve the problem, this article develops a special software to plan cutting path for ruled surface impellers. An approximation algorithm to generate cutting path for machining integral ruled surface impellers is proposed. By fitting sampling data points of an impeller blade into a curve, a model of ruled surface blade of an impeller is built up. Furthermore, by calculating the points where the cutter axis vector intersects the free-form hub surface of an impeller, problems about, for instance, the ambiguity in calculation and machining the wide blade surface with a short flute cutter are solved. Finally, an integral impeller cutting path is planned by way of an integrated cutter location control algorithm. Simulation and machining tests with an impeller are performed on a 5-axis computer numerically controlled （CNC） mill machine, which shows the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.     

Positioning method of a cylindrical cutter for ruled surface machining based on minimizing one-sided Hausdorff distance

Motivated by the definition of the machining errors induced by tool path planning methods, a mapping curve of the tool axis of a cylindrical cutter is constructed on the tool surface.The mapping curve is a typical one that can be used to express the closeness between the tool surface and the surface to be machined. A novel tool path planning method is proposed for flank or plunge milling ruled surfaces based on the minimization of the one-sided Hausdorff distance(HD) from the mapping curve to the surface to be machined. It is a nonlinear optimization problem in best uniform approximation(BUA) or Chebyshev sense. A mathematical programming model for computing the minimum one-sided HD is proposed. The linearization method of the programming model is provided and the final optimal solutions are obtained by simplex method. The effectiveness of the proposed BUA method is verified by two numerical examples and compared with the least squares(LS) and double point offset(DPO) methods. The variation in tool orientation induced by the optimization of the tool positions is also evaluated.     

A new error-controllable method for smoothing the G01 commands

In real machining, the tool paths are composed of a series of short line segments, which constitute groups of sharp corners correspondingly leading to geometry discontinuity in tangent. As a result, high acceleration with high fluctuation usually occurs. If these kinds of tool paths are directly used for machining, the feedrate and quality will be greatly reduced. Thus, generating continuous tool paths is strongly desired. This paper presents a new error-controllable method for generating continuous tool path. Different from the traditional method focusing on fitting the cutter locations, the proposed method realizes globally smoothing the tool path in an error-controllable way. Concretely, it does the smoothing by approaching the newly produced curve to the linear tool path by taking the tolerance requirement as a constraint. That is, the error between the desired tool path and the G01 commands are taken as a boundary condition to ensure the finally smoothed curve being within the given tolerance. Besides, to improve the smoothing ability in case of small corner angle, an improved local smoothing method is also proposed by symmetrically assigning the control points to the two adjacent linear segments with the constrains of tolerance and G3 continuity. Experiments on an open five-axis machine are developed to verify the advantages of the proposed methods.