着陆器着陆缓冲性能试验方法研究

着陆缓冲机构是着陆器借以实现安全、稳定软着陆的一种重要装置。鉴于着陆初始条件的多样性,系统级缓冲性能需在有限的试验工况中进行充分验证。文章基于“阿波罗”登月舱3类相关试验方法,提出了一种无需额外设计和加工试验件,无需模拟其他重力场,在地球重力场下的全尺寸模型试验方法。在对各着陆初始条件大量组合工况的仿真结果统计分析后,给出了试验验证工况的确定原则;明确了试验实施过程中的质量配比原则、地球重力场对试验的影响、地貌特征模拟方法及试验测量参数与数据处理要求。该方法对于后续深空探测以及载人登月着陆缓冲机构综合缓冲性能的试验验证具有指导意义。     

Promoting the coalition for a lunar power system

Powering human civilization in the 21st century with clean energy from the Moon became the focus of a unique conference conducted at the Sea Lodge in LaJolla, California, 9–11 July 1990. Organized by Netrologic Inc of San Diego, the lunar-based Solar Power Planning Workshop attracted an elite group of 25 distinguished scientists, engineers and other professionals to formulate an international Coalition for a Lunar Power System. The participants ranged from Buzz Aldrin of Starcraft Enterprises and Bryan Erb of the Canadian Space Agency, to Osamu Inoue of Shimizu Corporation and Gary McAllister of Bechtel Corporation.     

月球车热管理系统质量优化

月球车热管理系统是为了确保车辆在恶劣的月球环境下正常工作的重要系统,质量是其重要的评价指标。通过对热管理系统模型的热网络分析,文章对影响月球车热管理系统质量的几个重要因素,如辐射器出口温度、热回路管径、冷媒流量、电控制元件、管路设计和阀门应用等分别进行计算,分析了这些因素对系统质量的影响规律;在此基础上,根据探月车辆模型环境参数和工作参数,利用搜索寻优法确定了使系统质量最小的最佳系统结构参数和操作参数,实现了热管理系统的初步质量优化分析。研究结果对于工程应用具有一定的参考意义。     

月球极区水冰钻取模拟试验系统研究

探测并利用月球极区的水资源一直是月球探测的研究热点。针对钻取及凝华装置开展系统级真空低温试验的需要,建立月球极区水冰钻取模拟试验系统,根据水的三相转化关系设计了2个阶段的试验流程,试验中混合物容器中的水可保持固态。初步试验结果表明,所建立的试验系统能够满足现阶段开展月球极区真空低温试验的需求,为验证产品性能、优化产品工况、促进月球极区水冰获取工程技术的发展提供条件。     

Control system design of the Korean lunar lander demonstrator

In preparation for the lunar exploration program scheduled to be launched during the early 2020s in Korea, a lunar lander demonstrator, which will be used for developing and demonstrating lunar landing technologies, is being developed. The control configuration of the lunar lander demonstrator is determined with the consideration of available technologies and flight requirements. It is suggested that altitude control be achieved by clustering five 200 N monopropellant thrusters and attitude control with eight 3 N thrusters. A control algorithm designed to follow a predefined trajectory is developed using quaternion feedback. Control system configuration and control logic are verified by using computer simulations. Simulation results show that a soft landing with a touchdown velocity of less than 3 m/s is achieved. Attitude control performance is also verified using computer simulations. The developed control configuration will be further tested by hardware in the loop simulations and ground based firing tests during the next phase of the study.     

开发月球车用的月表环境的地面模拟方法研究

当前中国正在进行自己的探月工程,预计将会发射月球车登陆月球表面.在研制月球探测器过程中,为了在地面验证月球车的可靠性和各项功能(如着陆冲击、自主巡航和遥控),必须建立相应的地面试验中心.根据目前对月球表面环境的认识和现有的仿真技术,文章提出了实现月表综合环境模拟的试验设施的设想.由于月球表面环境非常恶劣并且月表的地形也非常复杂,文章提出了一种组合式月表环境模拟器的设想.主要部分是模拟各种月貌特征(如陨石坑、斜坡、沟壑等)的可移动单元.每个单元是一个用模拟月壤制作的小沙盘,其化学成分、组成颗粒分布和力学性能和已经获取的真实月壤样品相似.根据不同的试验要求,选择相应的单元按照一定的规律组合成为试验场.这样在有限的场地面积内可以按需实现对月表不同地域的地貌特征模拟.同时,可以选择少量单元的组合构成更小规模的试验场,以方便与其它环境模拟器(如落塔,热/真空容器等)联合,实现模拟月表的综合环境.     

月球低重力模拟设备位姿测控系统优化设计

为巡视器地面行走验证试验专门研制了月球低重力模拟设备。在验证试验中需要对巡视器的位姿进行测量,针对这一需求,文章提出了基于双相机的非接触测量方案,同时研制了相应的位姿测控系统,对其硬件和软件进行了优化设计。利用该位姿测控系统开展了巡视器的位姿测量,有效解决了位姿测量和控制过程中的问题。经充分测试验证,系统满足巡视器地面行走验证试验的要求。     

Location selection and layout for LB10, a lunar base at the Lunar North Pole with a liquid mirror observatory

We present the site selection process and urban planning of a Lunar Base for a crew of 10 (LB10), with an infrared astronomical telescope, based on the concept of the Lunar LIquid Mirror Telescope. LB10 is a base designated for permanent human presence on the Moon. The base architecture is based on utilization of inflatable, rigid and regolith structures for different purposes. The location for the settlement is identified through a detailed analysis of surface conditions and terrain parameters around the Lunar North and South Poles. A number of selection criteria were defined regarding construction, astronomical observations, landing and illumination conditions. The location suggested for the settlement is in the vicinity of the North Pole, utilizing the geographical morphology of the area. The base habitat is on a highly illuminated and relatively flat plateau. The observatory in the vicinity of the base, approximately 3.5 kilometers from the Lunar North Pole, inside a crater to shield it from Sunlight. An illustration of the final form of the habitat is also depicted, inspired by the baroque architectural form.     

月球采样器摆杆式展开机构动力学特性研究

文章提出了一种适用于无人自主作业的月球采样器的摆杆式展开机构,通过数值仿真分析及试验对该机构在月球低重力场下展开过程中的动力学特性进行了研究,研究结果的对比验证了该展开机构设计的可行性,并提出了优化方案。     

月球表面及月壤内温度分布特征的数值模拟

文章建立了月表辐射与月壤内二维非稳态导热的耦合传热模型,采用控制容积法数值模拟月壤内的温度分布,主要研究了月表、月壤内温度的分布和变化规律及探测器对局部月表温度的影响。计算结果表明一昼夜期间月壤内存在明显的温差：浅层月壤处的昼夜温差较大且受纬度的影响明显;随着深度的增加,月壤昼夜温差降低并趋于稳定,且受纬度的影响较小。探测器的存在遮挡了月表接受的太阳辐射,导致其阴影区域内月表温度发生突变,新的平衡温度接近探测器底面温度,且受探测器驻留时间的影响较小;当探测器移开,月表温度又迅速恢复到原有的变化规律。     

月球样品自动封装技术的可行性探讨

月球样品自动封装技术是在月表环境下,实现样品容器自动开合、密封、锁紧的技术。我国的探月工程三期和国外的月球取样任务具有明显的技术区别,所以月球样品的封装也必须符合自身的技术特点。文章通过借鉴国外成功经验和我国探月技术的特点,提出了一种月球样品封装技术方案,并对该封装技术方案的实现进行了分析,同时还考虑了月球环境因素的影响。     

The Russian experience in medical care and health maintenance of the International Space Station crews

The main purpose of the medical support system aboard International Space Station (ISS) is crew health maintenance and high level of work capability assurance prior to during and after in space flights. In the present communication the Russian point of view dealing with the problems and achievements in this branch is presented. An overview on medical operations during flight and after finalization of the space missions based on Russian data of crew health and environment state monitoring, as well as data on the inflight countermeasures (prophylaxis) jointly with data on operational problems that are specific to ISS is presented. The report summarizes results of the medical examination of Russian members of the ISS and taxi crews during and after visits to the ISS.     

On the contribution of space medicine in the public health care

With the beginning of space era, a new branch of medicine has arisen and has been developing along with human exploration of outer space. And even though space medicine mainly faces the same problems as traditional medicine--cosmonauts health care and their high efficiency--this branch, has its own features, associated with the unusual factors of space flight, of which weightlessness is the major one. During the development of manned cosmonautics (duration of a human stay in space has reached already 438 days), methods of cosmonauts medical support and monitoring of their condition have been developed, knowledge of human possibilities and methods of process of organism adaptation to various and frequently severe conditions of external environment have increased. All this led to the fact that nowadays space medicine can become useful for improvement of human health care not only in space but also on the Earth. Moreover, the problem of implementation of cosmonautics achievements, and in particular of space medicine, in practice of public health care presents one of the most important issues concerning human health care. It is also connected with public opinion which is more and more concerned about the efficiency of significant expenses on space activities, especially lately. People often are set by the questions: what has space given, what fruits has space research provided to mankind, which results of this research can be used on the Earth already today for improvement of their life, for discussion of many difficult earthly problems? In terms of using cosmonautics possibilities, its achievements for health care and treatment, it is possible to define a few branches, in which purposeful studies are carried out.     

航天器AIT过程职业健康安全管理体系建设初探

职业健康安全管理体系以其先进、高效的管理方式,科学、系统的管理理念广泛用于各类行业。文章从职业健康安全管理体系的一些基本知识和特点入手,对在航天器总装-测试-试验（AIT）过程中如何建立与实施该体系做了初步研究。     

Non-cultural methods of human microflora evaluation for the benefit of crew medical control in confined habitat

Current control of human microflora is a great problem not only for the space medicine but also for practical health care. Due to many reasons its realization by classical bacteriological method is difficult in practical application or cannot be done.To evaluate non-cultural methods of microbial control of crews in a confined habitat we evaluated two different methods.The first method is based on digital treatment of microbial visual images, appearing after gram staining of microbial material from natural sample. This way the rate between gram-positive and gram-negative microbe could be gained as well as differentiation of rods and cocci could be attained, which is necessary for primary evaluation of human microbial cenosis in remote confined habitats.The other non-culture method of human microflora evaluation is gas chromatomass spectrometry (gcms) analysis of swabs gathered from different body sites. Gc-ms testing of swabs allows one to validate quantitative and special microflora based on specific lipid markers analysis.     

Analytical definition and proposed concept for the manned infrastructure of a lunar outpost

A recent study made by ESA has reviewed the scientific investigations to be only, or best, performed on the Moon (Return to the Moon, ESA SP-1150, June 1992), and has identified the need for a manned lunar outpost to provide support to field geologists in sampling and in-situ observations of the lunar surface, and to allow the refurbishments of surface stations and rovers. Planning and development for a manned outpost on the Moon requires an in-depth understanding and analysis of the functions this outpost is expected to perform. We therefore analyzed the impact of the proposed scientific investigations on the design of a manned lunar outpost. The specific questions raised in our study were: What are the medical, physiological and psychological risks for a crew to stay and to work on the Moon? What transit and lunar surface infrastructures (habitats and vehicles) are needed to minimize those risks?     

充气式月球居住舱蒙皮结构设计及其材料研究进展

综述国外充气式月球居住舱（ILH）蒙皮结构设计及其相关材料研究的进展：对ILH的发展历史、蒙皮结构设计方案及其材料选型等方面进行介绍;重点介绍高分子材料在ILH蒙皮微流星体与空间碎片（MMOD）防护层、热微流星体遮蔽层（TMC）、纤维织物阻挡层、多层绝热毯（MLI）以及气囊结构设计中的应用。最后对我国未来月球居住舱及其关键高分子材料的发展提出建议。     

BAS—The project of an earth-atmosphere spectrophotometer for basic research

The earth-atmosphere spectrophotometer BAS is intended to be used for basic research in the field of remote sensing. The main advantages of BAS are the possibility of a high-accuracy calibration in absolute units utilizing the extraterrestrial spectral solar energy distribution and its simultaneous use for radiance and for irradiance measurements, e.g. the same spectrophotometer BAS to measure immediately one after the other the high irradiances of the sun (transmission measurement) and very low radiances of water surfaces.Data evaluation will be made immediately by the BAS-linked computer for field measurements.Further important technical parameters of BAS are the scanning of the spectral range 0.38 to 1.12 μm in 40 steps within 3 s, low mass of about 4 kg, power supply by rechargeable battery pack. BAS is also suited for measurements to be made from airborne and shipborne platforms.Different applications are shown by some examples.     

Interplanetary crew dose estimates for worst case solar particle events based on historical data for the Carrington flare of 1859

Over the past two decades, hypothetical models of “worst-case” solar particle event (SPE) spectra have been proposed in order to place an upper bound on radiation doses to critical body organs of interplanetary crews on deep space missions. These event spectra are usually formulated using hypothetical extrapolations of space measurements for previous large events. Here we take a different approach. Recently reported analyses of ice core samples indicate that the Carrington flare of 1859 is the largest event observed in the past 500 years. These ice core data yield estimates of the proton fluence for energies greater than 30 MeV, but provide no other spectrum information. Assuming that the proton energy distribution for such an event is similar to that measured for other recent, large events, interplanetary crew doses are estimated for these hypothetical worst case SPE spectra. These estimated doses are life threatening unless substantial shielding is provided.     

Does the lunar surface still offer value as a site for astronomical observatories?

Current thinking about the Moon as a destination has revitalized interest in lunar astronomical observatories. Once seen by a large scientific community as a highly enabling site, the dramatic improvement in capabilities for free-space observatories prompts reevaluation of this interest. Whereas the lunar surface offers huge performance advantages for astronomy over terrestrial sites, free-space locales such as Earth orbit or Lagrange points offer performance that is superior to what could be achieved on the Moon. While astronomy from the Moon may be cost-effective once infrastructure is there, it is in many respects no longer clearly enabling compared with free space.