宇宙真空测量的理论与技术

在行星上和在航天器上测量行星表面同一时刻、同一位置的大气密度,会得到不同的测量数据,必须经过坐标系转换把航天器上的测量数据转换成行星坐标系的数据才可和地面观测数据比较。文章系统地归纳了宇宙真空测量的理论与技术,改正了相应的坐标转换公式,对之进行了合理性讨论,推导出分子流密度和大气压强的转换公式并建立了地面校准宇航速度定向分子流压强及压强的模拟理论,形成了比较完整的宇宙真空测量理论体系。从该理论体系出发,提出了宇宙真空测量技术方案的建议。     

高层大所模型对空间站轨道漂移和寿命的影响分析

本文以轨道摄动分析方法一阶理论为基础，其中大气阻力摄动采用数值积分方法，给出一种可利用各种大气模型进行轨道摄动分析的计算方法，并利用三种高层大气模型（ＣＩＲＡ－７２，ＣＩＲＡ－８６和ＤＴＭ）和三个太阳活动水平（Ｆ１０．７＝１００，１５０和２００）分析比较了大气阻力摄动对高度为４００ｋｍ的空间站轨道漂移和寿命的影响，以及估算修正轨道漂移所需的能量。给出的定量分析结果将为空间站或航天飞行器的轨道设计和     

地球扰动大气模型

本文介绍了地球扰动大气模型和建立该模型的方法。文中详细描述了该模型中，密度变化的各单个分量和风场变化的各单个分量，并给出了它们各自的计算公式。本大气扰动模型中包含了１３７个大气扰动状态方案，可供返回轨道计算、救生轨道计算和返回控制设计计算分别选用。     

亚毫米波大气传输计算及分析

主要研究了在近亚毫米波段的大气传输特性，通过分析红外区和毫米波区的大气２模型，给出了亚毫米波段的大气传输模型参及加权项的表达形式。在吸收模型的理论的基础上，推导了以宏观气象条件为参变量的解析表达式，并由实验数据加权后的模型进行了验证分析，加权模型与实验数据基本吻合。在散射模型中，提出了以粒子的统计分布均值代替一般的密度分布，从而提高了计算精度。分别推导了Ｍｉｅ和Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ散射系数求解的数学表     

高层大气模型对空间站轨道漂移和寿命的影响分析

本文以轨道摄动分析方法一阶理论为基础，其中大气阻力摄动采用数值积分方法，给出一种可利用各种大气模型进行轨道摄动分析的计算方法，并利用三种高层大气模型（ＣＩＲＡ—７２，ＣＩＲＡ—８６和ＤＴＭ）和三个太阳活动水平（Ｆ１０．７＝１００，１５０和２００）分析比较了大气阻力振动对高度为４００ｋｍ的空间站轨道漂移和寿命的影响，以及估算修正轨道漂移所需的能量。给出的定量分析结果将为空间站或航天飞行器的轨道设计和能量估算提供依据。     

低密度大气中降落伞开伞动载的研究

文章根据建立的降落伞充气过程中轴向和径向动量方程，研究了低密度大气中降落伞的开伞动载。通过计算并与高密度大气中开伞动载的比较，得出了低密度大气中开伞动载的特点。     

采样定理公式的δ－ILPF推导方法得不出正确公式

在许多文献中采用的推导采样定理公式的方法──用δ函数对连续时间信号采样，再用理想低通滤波器（ＩＬＰＦ）进行内插以恢复原连续时间信号的方法（简记为δ－ＩＬＰＦ方法，或简称为Ｗｏｏｄｗａｒｄ方法），实际上推导不出正确的采样定理公式。本文证明了这个结论，并指出了文献中采用这种方法进行推导时的错误。     

基于Lowtran7的地空探测红外系统作用距离计算

利用基于对比度的红外系统作用距离模型,从作用距离公式中的目标辐射量和大气传输参数出发,分析地基探测和空基探测对应不同探测目标的辐射,利用光谱分割法对目标和背景辐射积分,通过调用Low tran7大气软件形成大气辐亮度和透过率的数据库.提出一种求解作用距离方程的新方法,并在其基础上建立作用距离计算系统,提高了计算效率和准确性.利用生成的数据库对设定的空中目标和地面目标进行仿真,仿真结果表明不同纬度季节大气组分存在差异,波长对大气传输参数的影响不可忽略,大气辐亮度越强,透过率越小,红外系统的作用距离越小,在同一大气情况下,随着天顶角的增加,作用距离减小,并给出整个天顶角范围内作用距离分布.计算得到的结果与实际数据对比表明建立的作用距离计算系统可以为红外对抗提供合理有效的参考.     

普适化采样定理公式的计算验证

普适化采样定理公式的计算验证郝建民，李艳华（中国运载火箭技术研究院七０四所１０００７６）本文作者之一曾在文［１］中证明了一普适化的采样定理公式：式中，Ｔ为采样周期，ｆｓ＝１／Ｔ为采样率，ｓ（ｔ）为谱函数限制于ｆＮ以下的一个时间函ｋ。ｆＮ满足当时，式（...     

好奇号未发现火星有甲烷

NASA11月2日宣布，好奇号火星漫游车对火星大气进行的首次分析并未发现那里有甲烷。这一消息无疑会令那些期待在火星上发现生命的人感到失望。地球大气中90％以上的甲烷是由活体有机物产生的。科学家们渴望知道好奇号能否在火星大气中发现甲烷。但这辆漫游车上的“火星样品分析”（SAM）仪器在其首次大气测量中空手而归。科学家此前通过地面和太空设备在火星大气中发现过甲烷，但浓度非常低，约为亿分之一至亿分之五。     

行星际空间环境对探测器可靠性影响分析

空间环境是影响航天器可靠性的重要因素。与地球轨道航天器相比,行星际探测任务可能会遭受更加恶劣的空间环境,例如极端温度环境,辐射环境,腐蚀性大气环境、宇宙尘等,再加上行星际任务寿命长,采用先进的器件和材料,空间环境对行星际探测器的可靠性构成严重的威胁,直接关系到探测目标能否实现。因此考虑空间环境对行星际探测器的影响,开展相关的预先研究无论是对于制定行星际空间探测计划,还是搭载仪器的设计都具有非常重要的意义。文章分析了极端温度、辐射环境和行星表面综合环境对探测器的影响,并对开展相关研究提出了建议。     

Caenorhabditis elegans survives atmospheric breakup of STS-107, space shuttle Columbia

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a popular organism for biological studies, is being developed as a model system for space biology. The chemically defined liquid medium, C. elegans Maintenance Medium (CeMM), allows axenic cultivation and automation of experiments that are critical for spaceflight research. To validate CeMM for use during spaceflight, we grew animals using CeMM and standard laboratory conditions onboard STS-107, space shuttle Columbia. Tragically, the Columbia was destroyed while reentering the Earth's atmosphere. During the massive recovery effort, hardware that contained our experiment was found. Live animals were observed in four of the five recovered canisters, which had survived on both types of media. These data demonstrate that CeMM is capable of supporting C. elegans during spaceflight. They also demonstrate that animals can survive a relatively unprotected reentry into the Earth's atmosphere, which has implications with regard to the packaging of living material during space flight, planetary protection, and the interplanetary transfer of life.     

Ascending flows in the solar atmosphere and formation of the solar wind

Some morphological features of solar magnetic fields in the chromosphere and corona are considered based on studying various observational data. These data are compared to the results of observation of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field, as well as to the data on fluxes of solar cosmic rays. New specific features are found in the solar wind structure, and new additional indications of sources of the solar wind are obtained. The properties of the active regions and coronal holes are considered. A model of the ascending stream-like plasma flow is suggested. It flows around the discrete arched magnetic field tubes in the solar atmosphere and stretches them out into interplanetary space.     

结合行星借力飞行技术的小推力转移轨道初始设计

针对结合行星借力和小推力技术的行星际转移轨道设计问题,提出一种基于形状逼近策略的初始设计方法。采用改进的逆六次多项式策略计算小推力弧段,通过引入B平面参数和推进器开关点时间系数实现行星借力和推滑混合轨道的拼接,将初始设计问题转化为求解混合整数非线性规划问题。为降低规划模型求解难度,通过参数变换对模型进行简化处理,并采用具有全局大范围搜索能力的改进微分进化算法求解最优设计参数。数值结果表明：相比正弦指数曲线设计方法,本文方法可以有效对交会型转移轨道进行设计,并且可以提供更少燃料消耗的探测机会。
     

Interplanetary transfer of photosynthesis: an experimental demonstration of a selective dispersal filter in planetary island biogeography

We launched a cryptoendolithic habitat, made of a gneissic impactite inoculated with Chroococcidiopsis sp., into Earth orbit. After orbiting the Earth for 16 days, the rock entered the Earth's atmosphere and was recovered in Kazakhstan. The heat of entry ablated and heated the rock to a temperature well above the upper temperature limit for life to below the depth at which light levels are insufficient for photosynthetic organisms ( approximately 5 mm), thus killing all of its photosynthetic inhabitants. This experiment shows that atmospheric transit acts as a strong biogeographical dispersal filter to the interplanetary transfer of photosynthesis. Following atmospheric entry we found that a transparent, glassy fusion crust had formed on the outside of the rock. Re-inoculated Chroococcidiopsis grew preferentially under the fusion crust in the relatively unaltered gneiss beneath. Organisms under the fusion grew approximately twice as fast as the organisms on the control rock. Thus, the biologically destructive effects of atmospheric transit can generate entirely novel and improved endolithic habitats for organisms on the destination planetary body that survive the dispersal filter. The experiment advances our understanding of how island biogeography works on the interplanetary scale.     

Radiation protective structures on the base of a case study for a manned Mars mission

Plans for interplanetary manned space missions imply significant risks arising from human's exposure to the hostile space environment. Thus the design of reliable protection systems against the ionizing cosmic radiation becomes one of the most relevant issues. In this paper the composition and magnitude of the atmospheric radiation on the planetary surface and for typical interplanetary transfer configurations have been analyzed. The investigation based on prior NASA and ESA mission results, using a manned mission to planet Mars as a case study. According to this, the time-dependent character of the consistency of cosmic radiation has been taken into account, which is justified by the interdependence of the radiation magnitude to the solar cycle. With regard to this paper it implies even solar particle events. The results have been compared to the protective character of different materials potentially usable as a habitat's structural shell and for interplanetary spacecrafts. The investigation aimed on particle energy degradation rates and reduction of secondary particle production. In this regard the physical process of absorbing effectiveness against particle radiation has been examined by analytical calculation and given scientific results, depending on thickness and molecular composition of the materials. The most suitable materials have been used for shield design proposals using different configurations, evaluating the use of aluminium, water tanks and polyethylene bricks.     

Exploration of Venus with the Venera-15 IR Fourier spectrometer and the Venus Express planetary Fourier spectrometer

The infrared spectrometry of Venus in the range 6–45 μm allows one to sound the middle atmosphere of Venus in the altitude range 55–100 km and its cloud layer. This experiment was carried out onboard the Soviet automatic interplanetary Venera-15 station, where the Fourier spectrometer for this spectral range was installed. The measurements have shown that the main component of the cloud layer at all measured latitudes in the northern hemisphere is concentrated sulfuric acid (75–85%). The vertical profiles of temperature and aerosol were reconstructed in a self-consistent manner: the three-dimensional fields of temperature and zonal wind in the altitude range 55–100 km and aerosol at altitudes 55–70 km have been obtained, as well as vertical SO₂ profiles and H₂O concentration in the upper cloud layer. The solar-related waves at isobaric levels in the fields of temperature, zonal wind, and aerosol were investigated. This experiment has shown the efficiency of the method for investigation of the Venusian atmosphere. The Planetary Fourier Spectrometer has the spectral interval 0.9–45 μm and a spectral resolution of 1.8 cm^?1. It will allow one to sound the middle atmosphere (55–100 km) of Venus and its cloud layer on the dayside, as well as the lower atmosphere and the planetary surface on the night side.     

The origin of the smaller, faster, cheaper approach in NASA’s solar system exploration program

The current emphasis on smaller, faster, cheaper (SFC) spacecraft in NASA’s solar system exploration program is the product of a number of interacting – even interdependent – factors. The SFC concept as applied to NASA’s solar system exploration program can be viewed as the vector sum of (1) the space science community’s desire for more frequent planetary missions to plug the data gaps, educate the next generation of scientists, provide missions to targets of opportunity, and enable programmatic flexibility in times of budgetary crisis; (2) the poor publicity garnered by NASA in the early 1990s and the resultant atmosphere of public criticism (creating an opportunity for reform); (3) The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization’s and the National Space Council community’s desire to advance the Space Exploration Initiative and their perception that the NASA culture at the time represented a barrier to the effective pursuit of space exploration; (4) the effective leadership of NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin; and (5) the diminishing budget profile for space sciences in the early 1990s. This paper provides a summary of the origin of the smaller, faster, cheaper approach in the planetary program. A more through understanding of the history behind this policy will enable analysts to assess more accurately the relative successes and failures of NASA’s new approach to solar system exploration.     

Numerical Simulation of Geomagnetic Trapping of Anomalous Cosmic Ray Ions

A method for simulating the propagation processes for ions of the anomalous component of cosmic rays in the Earth's magnetic field is described with allowance made for a step-by-step stripping of the ions in the residual atmosphere and their trapping by the geomagnetic field. Numerical results are presented for the geomagnetic trapping of high-energy singly charged oxygen ions penetrating into the stripping region from interplanetary space.     

Engaging space: extraterrestrial architecture and the human psyche

The human fascination with exploring and inhabiting the space that lies beyond Earth's atmosphere continues to grow. Nevertheless, 40 years of experience to date have clearly established that humans in outer space routinely suffer significant psychological impairment arising from their stressful extraterrestrial living conditions. This paper explores those extraterrestrial conditions through the interactions between the extraordinarily harsh environment of outer space, the sensations that humans encounter in space, and the qualities of a habitat that physically interposes itself between the two. The objective of this paper is to develop a habitat that expresses the extraterrestrial condition while supporting the mental health of its inhabitants, so as to augment the success of prolonged extraterrestrial residence and interplanetary travel.