月球探测器着陆冲击试验及关键技术研究

中国正在开展月球探测活动,下一步将发射月球着陆器并实现月面软着陆.为确保着陆器在月面着陆时的稳定性和可靠性,发射前需在地球表面进行着陆冲击试验.对会影响月球着陆器着陆性能的月貌和月壤进行了详细的叙述,以便在试验过程中进行相应环境特征的模拟.用图表详尽阐述了三种月球重力场模拟器的原理和装置,并对各自的优缺点进行了评述.根据试验模型的不同,将月球着陆器着陆冲击试验分为原尺寸试验(模拟的月球重力场下)和1/6模型试验(地球重力场下)两类,分别介绍了两类模型的结构以及试验模型与着陆器原型机之间缩放关系.分别给出了原尺寸试验和1/6模型试验的试验平台和试验步骤,以及初始试验参数的给定方法.根据试验研究的需要以及月球探测器在月球表面着陆时的真实情况,给出了在地球上进行着陆模式模拟的方法.研究表明两种试验结果之间有良好的一致性,但是这两种试验的花费很高,且对试验场地有较高的要求.再者,由于在试验中对月壤没有太好的模拟方法,试验数据与真实着陆时数据存在一定差异.

Investigation on the Landing-Impact Tests of the Lunar Lander and the Key Technologies

The lunar exploration of China is underway, and a lunar lander will be launched in the next step. In order to verify the stability and reliability of the lunar lander at impact, landing-impact tests on earth are urgently needed. Lunar zterrain and lunar soil, which make strong influence on the landing performance of the lunar lander, were depicted in detail.Another important characteristic of the lunar surface environment is the lunar gravity, which is only one-sixth of the earth's gravity, so the lunar gravity has to be simulated to obtain dynamic similarities. Three techniques, including their principles and apparatuses, were mentioned to simulate lunar gravity. The tests were divided into two categories: the full-scale test with the simulated lunar gravitational field acting and the 1/6-scale test with the earth' s gravitational field acting. The scaling relationships between the prototype of the lunar lander and two models used for the landing-impact tests were presented, and the apparatuses and procedure of both the tests were illustrated in detail. At last, a technique was presented to simulate the landing modes. Surveys indicate that the results of the two tests bear a remarkable similarity. Due to that the lunar terrain and lunar soil does not be simulated sufficiently in the tests, there is a gap between the tests data and the actual data.