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美国火星表面探测使命述评(上)
引用本文:朱仁璋,王鸿芳,泉浩芳,陈晓锦,赵刚.美国火星表面探测使命述评(上)[J].航天器工程,2010,19(2):17-33.
作者姓名:朱仁璋  王鸿芳  泉浩芳  陈晓锦  赵刚
作者单位:1. 南京大学,南京,210093;北京航空航天大学,北京,100191
2. 中国空间技术研究院,北京,100094
3. 北京航空航天大学,北京,100191
4. 南京大学,南京,210093
摘    要:从1975年发射(1976年着陆火星)的海盗-1探测器以来,美国已成功执行了6次火星表面探测使命,即海盗-1与海盗-2轨道器/着陆器,"火星探路者"(MPF)着陆器/巡游车,"勇气"与"机遇"火星探测巡游车(MER),以及"凤凰"着陆器;而推迟到2011年发射的"好奇心"火星科学实验室(MSL)将火星着陆技术与表面巡游车技术推向一个新的高度。从"海盗"着陆器到"好奇心"巡游车、美国历经三种火星着陆系统与三代火星表面巡游车技术的发展。三种着陆系统为着陆腿着陆系统("海盗"与"凤凰"),气囊着陆系统(MPF与MER),以及空中吊机着陆系统(MSL)。三代巡游车为MPF"旅居者"巡游车、MER"勇气"与"机遇"巡游车,以及MSL"好奇心"巡游车。现在,美国在火星进入、降落与着陆(EDL)运作与表面避障移动方面,已达到技术成熟与先进的水平,满足安全着陆与表面移动探测的要求。文章阐述美国上述七项火星表面探测使命的立项背景、科学目标与有效载荷、飞行系统组成,以及飞行运作程序;分析美国火星着陆技术与表面巡游车技术的发展。

关 键 词:火星探测  火星着陆器  火星巡游车  深空探测

Overview of the US Mars Surface Missions(Part One)
ZHU Renzhang,WANG Hongfang,QUAN Haofang,CHEN Xiaojin,ZHAO Gang.Overview of the US Mars Surface Missions(Part One)[J].Spacecraft Engineering,2010,19(2):17-33.
Authors:ZHU Renzhang  WANG Hongfang  QUAN Haofang  CHEN Xiaojin  ZHAO Gang
Institution:1 Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093,China)(2 Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Beijing 100191,China)(3 China Academy of Space Technology,Beijing 100094,China)
Abstract:Since Viking 1 was launched in August 1975,the United States has successfully carried out six Mars surface missions:Viking 1 and 2,Mars Pathfinder (MPF),Mars Exploration Rover (MER) A and B,and Phoenix.The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) will be launched in 2011.The above seven Mars surface missions include three types of landing system and three generations of rover.The three types of landing system use landing legs,airbag,and sky crane,respectively.The three generations of rover are MPF Sojourner,MER Spirit and Opportunity,and MSL Curiosity.So far,the US Mars EDL (Entry,Descent and Landing) system has come to maturity,and the US rover technologies have also reached a higher level.In this paper,for the above seven Mars surface Missions,the mission backgrounds,the scientific objectives and payloads,the flight systems,and the flight operation procedures are expounded;the landing systems and rover technologies are analyzed.
Keywords:Mars exploration  Mars lander  Mars rover  deep space exploration
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