Sensitivity of a ramp equalizer for series batteries

To realize the maximum potential of large series connected battery packs, the individual battery voltages should be maintained at fairly uniform values, i.e., the voltages should be equalized. The ramp type of electronic equalizer has proven to be very effective in performing this task since it offers the advantages of simplicity and convenience. However, to achieve maximum performance, it is necessary to understand how the circuit is affected by certain parameters. This is accomplished by defining the circuit sensitivity and using a simplified model to explain the relative effects of leakage inductance, frequency, and power level