惯导平台系统研究进展与发展趋势思考

现代军事应用中，远程导弹武器主要功能是精确打击关键军事目标，制导精度成为其首要性能指标。当前，国内外远程武器采用的主流惯性器件为惯导平台系统，平台框架在发射前可控制台体旋转实现自对准、自标定等功能。在导弹飞行过程中，平台控制台体稳定于惯性空间，通过隔离角运动提高惯性仪表使用精度，因而成为远程制导系统的首选惯性器件。我国惯导平台系统技术从20世纪60年代起步至今，先后经历了滚珠轴承平台、气浮陀螺平台、动调陀螺平台、静压液浮平台以及三浮平台系统的发展历程。目前，在研新型远程导弹制导系统主要采用基于三浮陀螺及陀螺加速度计的三浮平台系统，其关键技术包括亚微米精度特种材料加工与装配技术、抗高过载环境高可靠三浮惯性仪表技术、惯性/天文复合制导技术以及惯导平台自对准与自标定技术。近年来，以光学陀螺、半球谐振陀螺等为代表的新型惯性仪表的工程应用精度逐步提升。以平台稳定控制技术为基础，构建基于新型固态陀螺的惯导平台体系架构，将会推动我国远程武器性能跨越式发展。通过分析光纤陀螺、半球谐振陀螺等新型惯性仪表的技术优势以及新一代制导系统小型化、数字化、智能化等性能需求，对我国远程制导用惯导平台技术发展提出了几点建议。

The Research Progress and Development Direction Analysis of Inertial Navigation Platform Systems

In modern military applications, the main function of long-range missiles is to accurately strike pivotal military targets, which makes guidance precision a chiefly performance measure of missiles. Nowadays, the central inertial instruments used for long-range guidance weapons interiorly and overseas is inertial navigation platforms(INPs). The INP frame could rotate the inertial measurement unit(IMU) to realize self-alignment and self-calibration before missiles launching. During the flight of missiles, the INP stabilize the IMU in inertial space to improve the accuracy of inertial instruments by isolating the angular motion, which makes INPs become most preferred inertial instrument for long-range guidance system. Domestic INP technology has been developing since 1960s, and has experienced the development of ball bearing gyroscope platforms, air-floating gyroscope platforms, dynamically tuned gyroscope platforms, liquid-floating gyroscope platforms, and three-floating gyroscope platforms. At recent, the new types of long-range missile mainly adopt three-floating gyroscope INPs based on three-floating gyroscopes and gyroscope accelerometers. The key technologies of three-floating gyroscope INPs include sub-micron machining and assembly of special materials, high-reliability three-floating inertial instrument technology against high overload environments, inertial/astronomical integrated guidance, and INPs self-alignment and self-calibration technology. In recent years, the engineering application precision of novel inertial instruments, represented by optical gyroscopes and hemispherical resonator gyroscopes has gradually improved. Based on the INPs stability control technology, constructing novel structures of INPs using new types of solid-state gyroscopes will rapidly promote the development of domestic long-range weapons. By analyzing the technical advantages of fiber optical gyroscopes, hemispherical resonator gyroscopes and other novel inertial instruments, considering the performance requirements for miniaturization, digitalization, and intelligence of the future guidance systems, several suggestions are proposed to develop domestic INP technology.