回归人本管理——百年管理史从"科学"到"人文"的发展趋势

管理学诞生百年来，随着社会的进步，“人”的价值日益突显。早期泰勒的“科学管理”是产生于机器大工业特殊历史背景下的产物，其基本信条是工人如牛马，效率高于一切，管理就是监控。20世纪20年代至20世纪30年代，管理学开始关注“人”，其中，人事管理学派主张在管理中“善待”其雇员，但其追求的最高境界只是雇主与雇员利益关系的整合。20世纪中后期，特别是20世纪90年代以来，由于新技术革命的推动，人力资源，特别是知识工人和专业化的人力资本越来越成为决定企业市场竞争成败的战略性要素，于是，以“战略性激励”为核心理念的人力资源管理学逐渐成为管理学主流，但人力资源管理的实质是要求从战略高度将人作为资财（资源、资产、资本）来运营。21世纪的管理要进一步超越人力资源管理，真正树立“以人为本”的理念，从总体上、动态上、“人本”精神层面去挖掘员工的“群体精神创造力”。这在本质上符合马克思关于“人的全面发展”的思想。

The Development Trend of Management Thoughts from Scientism to Humanism in the Past Century

Humanism has taken a more and more important part in management since the emergence of management theory after the Industrialization period in the past century.Taylor's scientific management,which insists that workers are like dumb things and the main point of management is to surveil workers to raise efficiency,resulted from the special historical background of machine industry.In the 1920's and 1930's,management thoughts began to focus on human nature as a result of despair.Personnel management school,which suggests employers treading employees kindly and dealing with their relationships well,pursues an Integration of benefit relationships between employers and employees.It prefers the cooperation based on short-term benefit to long-term dissolution of the conflicts.Dating from the middle of the 20th century,especially from the 1990's,Knowledgeable Employees and specialized human capital has become the strategic factor which cause the success of market competition due to the fast development of new technology which based on internet technology.Cross-cultural management, that is,conformity of the human relations more complex than ever,is very important to modern corporations who want to gain the strategic competitive advantage in the international market and realize the goal of transnational operation.Thus human resources management which considers strategic incentive as its core became the mainstream of management.Management in the 21st century will exceed human resources management which strategically handles human as substance(i.e.,resources,assets and capital) and built up people oriented idea.Managers should think of people as humans and find out Employees' collective psychic creativity in the view of people oriented idea.This is the essential of the humanism management.