航天器空间碎片超高速撞击防护的若干问题

空间碎片对航天器的超高速撞击损伤已受到国内外的普遍重视，如何使在轨航天器对空间碎片进行有效防护是航天器长寿命、高可靠安全运行的重要保障。文章概述了空间碎片环境现状、空间碎片超高速撞击危害以及国内外空间碎片防护的研究现状和趋势。重点介绍了航天器常用的Whipple防护结构及其各种衍生结构的防护性能和弹道极限方程（BLE），评述了这些防护结构防护性能的优缺点。

Spacecraft protection from the hypervelocity impact of space meteoroid and orbital debris

It is known that meteoroids and orbital debris (M/OD)play an important part in the reduction of spacecraft life time and reliability,and constitute the largest risk of spacecraft catastrophic failure in the space environment.This paper reviews the latest environmental models of M/OD,the damage levels of spacecraft caused by hypervelocity impacts of M/OD,and the research trends on protection from the M/OD.The protection properties and ballistic limit equations of typical spacecraft shields are discussed in detail,including Whipple shields,stuffed Whipple shields and multi-shock shields,which have been implemented in the International Space Station.