| Abstract: | In this paper, a new permeable adaptive integration surface is developed in order to evaluate transonic rotor noise in accordance with FW-H_pds equations(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equations with penetrable data surface). Firstly, a nonlinear near-field solution is computed on the basis of Navier-Stokes equations, which is developed on moving-embedded grid methodology.The solution calculated through the present CFD method is used as the input for acoustic calculations by FW-H_pds equations. Then, two criteria for constructing integration surfaces are established based on the analysis of the quadrupole source strength and the nonlinear characteristic.A new surface is determined adaptively by the pressure gradient or density in a given flowfield,eschewing the uncertainties associated with determining cylinder-shaped integration surfaces. For varying hover cases, transonic noises are simulated with new integration surfaces for a UH-1 model rotor. Furthermore, numerical results of the new integration surface derived from the density perturbation value conform better to experimental data than results derived from the pressure gradient.Finally, the integration surface given by jrqj being 0.1, which is an applicable criterion obtained from hover cases, is used to predict transonic rotor noise in forward flight. The computational accuracy of the new integration surface method has been validated in predicting transonic rotor noise of an AH-1 model rotor at different advance ratios. |
