载人火星探测进展及其EDL过程GNC关键技术

随着火星探测技术的不断发展和探测任务的不断推进,载人火星探测在未来将会成为火星探测的重要手段。首先,回顾了无人火星探测任务的发展历程,对比分析了部分无人火星探测器进入、下降与着陆（EDL）过程的参数。然后,结合无人火星探测、载人月球探测和载人航天再入过程,梳理了载人火星探测的特点及需求,系统地总结了前苏联/俄罗斯和美国的载人火星探测研究进展以及技术储备。接着,归纳了载人火星探测的体系构成、集结方式和主要的技术挑战。最后,概括了载人火星EDL过程面临的难题,重点阐述了EDL的导航、制导与控制（GNC）关键技术。

Human Mars mission: Research progress and GNC key technologies during EDL

With the development of Mars exploration technology and the advancement of Mars exploration missions, human Mars missions will become an important means of Mars exploration in the future. This paper first summarizes the current situation of unmanned Mars exploration missions, analyzing and comparing afterwards the Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL) parameters of some successful unmanned Mars explorers. Next, the characteristics and requirements of human Mars missions are presented based on a combination with the process of unmanned Mars exploration, manned lunar exploration, and manned earth re-entry. The research progress and technologies of human Mars missions in the Soviet Union/Russia and the United States are then systematically introduced. Hereafter, the main composition, assembly means, and main technical challenges of human Mars missions are provided. Furthermore, the problems of EDL in human Mars missions are summarized, followed finally by an introduction of key technologies of Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) during EDL in human Mars missions.