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Monopolar structure of the Sun in between polar reversals and in Maunder Minimum
Authors:D.K. Callebaut   V.I. Makarov  A.G. Tlatov  
Affiliation:

aPhysics Department, Campus Groenenborger, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium

bPulkovo Astronomical Observatory, 196140 St. Petersburg, Russia

cKislovodsk Solar Station, 357700 Kislovodsk, Russia

Abstract:
After a polar reversal in one hemisphere the Sun has two polar caps of the same sign, leaving it in a kind of monopolar state. It may take months before a polar reversal occurs in the other hemisphere. The situation may have been extreme in the Maunder Minimum where the northern hemisphere most probably did not have polar reversals during several cycles, while the southern hemisphere may have had some. This may affect the interplanetary field and thus the cosmic rays reaching the Earth. Using the relation between the Wolf number and the speed of the global magnetic field regions the yearly mean Wolf number has to exceed 40 in order to have polar reversals, hence per hemisphere we expect that it must exceed 20. This may be used to give a definition of a deep minimum.
Keywords:Maunder Minimum   Global magnetic regions   Polar reversals   Sunspots   Cosmic rays   Asymmetry
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