Limits on interstellar messages |
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| Authors: | Seth Shostak |
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| Institution: | 1. Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy;2. Dipartimento di Chirurgia “P. Valdoni”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy;3. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy;4. Azienda Ospedaliera S. Andrea, Rome, Italy;1. Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands;2. Procurement Department, European Space Agency, 52 Rue Jacque Hillairet, 75012, Paris, France;3. Catholic University of Paris, 69, Boulevard de Beausejour, France;4. Strategy Department, European Space Agency, 8-10 Rue Mario Nikis, 75015 Paris, France;1. Space Science and Technology, Canadian Space Agency, 6767 route de l?Aéroport, Saint-Hubert, QC, Canada J3Y 8Y9;2. Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science (CRESS), York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3;3. Institut National d’Optique, 2740 rue Einstein, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1P 4S4;4. School of Geography & Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1;1. Laboratoire I3S, UMR 7271 UNS-CNRS, Université de Nice, 2000, route des Lucioles, B.P. 121, 06903 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX, France;2. Laboratoire J.A. Dieudonné, UMR CNRS 7351, Université de Nice, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 02, France |
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| Abstract: | Despite the fact that major efforts have been expended on passive searches for extraterrestrial signals, few deliberate “transmissions” to potential alien recipients have occurred. These have generally taken the form of simple graphics depicting such things as our appearance, location, and biological construction. In this paper, we consider (a) the fundamental technical and astronomical limitations to interstellar messaging—in other words, how many “bits” could any society reasonably send, and (b) what might be a likely transmission strategy. These considerations suggest approaches for SETI programs, as well as giving insight into the types of messages we might construct for eventual replies to received signals. |
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