Development of an integrated countermeasure device for use in long-duration spaceflight |
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| Authors: | T Streeper PR Cavanagh AM Hanson RD Carpenter I Saeed J Kornak L Frassetto C Grodsinsky J Funk SMC Lee BA Spiering J Bloomberg A Mulavara J Sibonga T Lang |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, UCSF Center for Molecular and Functional Imaging, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94143-0946, USA;2. Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Room BB1065D/Box 356500, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;3. Division of Nephrology, Medical Director, 12 Moffitt CTSI Clinical Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA;4. ZIN Technologies, 6745 Engle Road, Cleveland, OH 44130, USA;5. Wyle Integrated Science and Engineering, 1290 Hercules Blvd., Houston, TX 77058, USA;6. California State University, Fullerton, Department of Kinesiology 800 N. State College Blvd., KHS 136 Fullerton, CA 92831, USA.;7. Neuroscience Laboratories, Human Adaptation and Countermeasures Division, NASA/Johnson Space Center, Mail Code: SK272, Houston, TX 77058, USA;8. NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Bone Mineral Laboratory, Mail Code SK3/272, Houston, TX 77058, USA;9. Department of Epidemiology and iBiostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0560, 185 Berry Street, Suite 5700, San Francisco, CA 94107-1762, USA;1. CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola, Spain;2. Sleep Lab, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain;3. Institut Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain;4. Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona-CIBER-BBN, Spain;5. Unitat Biofisica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain;6. CETIR, Centro de Imagen Molecular Experimental (CIME), Barcelona, Spain;7. Institut de Recerca Biomedica, Lleida (IRBLleida), Spain;8. Institut Bioenginyeria Catalunya (IBEC), Spain;1. Division of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;2. Department of Otolaryngology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA;3. Department of Family Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada;1. University of Alabama at Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Dvive, Huntsville 35899, U.S;2. National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22230, U.S;1. INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy;2. Department of Physics, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy;3. INAF-IAPS, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy;4. Uninettuno University, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 39, I-00186 Rome, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Prolonged weightlessness is associated with declines in musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and sensorimotor health. Consequently, in-flight countermeasures are required to preserve astronaut health. We developed and tested a novel exercise countermeasure device (CCD) for use in spaceflight with the aim of preserving musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health along with an incorporated balance training component. Additionally, the CCD features a compact footprint, and a low power requirement. Methods: After design and development of the CCD, we carried out a training study to test its ability to improve cardiovascular and muscular fitness in healthy volunteers. Fourteen male and female subjects (41.4±9.0 years, 69.5±15.4 kg) completed 12 weeks (3 sessions per week) of concurrent strength and endurance training on the CCD. All training was conducted with the subject in orthostasis. When configured for spaceflight, subjects will be fixed to the device via a vest with loop attachments secured to subject load devices. Subjects were tested at baseline and after 12 weeks for 1-repetition max leg press strength (1RM), peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), and isokinetic joint torque (ISO) at the hip, knee, and ankle. Additionally, we evaluated subjects after 6 weeks of training for changes in VO2peak and 1RM. Results: VO2peak and 1RM improved after 6 weeks, with additional improvements after 12 weeks (1.95±0.5, 2.28±0.5, 2.47±0.6 L min?1, and 131.2±63.9,182.8±75.0, 207.0±75.0 kg) for baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks, respectively. ISO for hip adduction, adduction, and ankle plantar flexion improved after 12 weeks of training (70.3±39.5, 76.8±39.2, and 55.7±21.7 N m vs. 86.1±37.3, 85.1±34.3, and 62.1±26.4 N m, respectively). No changes were observed for ISO during hip flexion, knee extension, or knee flexion. Conclusions: The CCD is effective at improving cardiovascular fitness and isotonic leg strength in healthy adults. Further, the improvement in hip adductor and abductor torque provides support that the CCD may provide additional protection for the preservation of bone health at the hip. |
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