气溶胶抑制尾喷口红外辐射的试验研究

在对气溶胶红外抑制机理研究的基础上，建立了一套发动机尾喷口模型试验台及气溶胶施放系统，通过气溶胶施放系统在尾喷流四周形成环形气溶胶层，降低尾喷台向外的红外辐射。试验对不同流速的尾喷流及二股流、不同的气溶胶施放位置、施放量及在不同的方位角上的气溶胶红外抑制效果作了测量与分析，得出一些初步结论，发现在二股流与尾喷流出口流速为１∶３，气溶胶质量浓度为３６．３ｇ／ｍ＾３时，其红外抑制量可达９０％以上。     

基于激光多普勒原理的极低风速测量实验

介绍了利用激光多普勒效应进行风速测量的原理及定点遥测原理,分析了探测气溶胶颗粒大小的要求,并以此搭建了一套极低风速测量系统。同时分析了系统的测速精度,以及安装角度对测量结果的影响。最后分别开展了转台实验、直线导轨实验和风洞实验,实验结果表明,该极低风速测量系统的测量误差基本可以控制在001 m/s以内,当风洞工作介质为未经处理的环境空气时,系统可以获得稳定可靠的信号,测量结果与高性能仪器十分接近。     

球形离散颗粒抑制尾喷流红外辐射传输数值模拟

以气溶胶烟雾红外抑制技术为背景,以Mie散射理论为基础,利用Fluent软件计算获得气固两相流场,采用射线踪迹法(RTANM)编制红外辐射传输计算程序开展了球形固体微粒环尾喷流喷射抑制喷流红外辐射传输数值模拟研究.研究参数主要考虑颗粒本身的光学特性以及颗粒在喷流射流中的扩散规律对抑制效果的影响.研究表明,各种影响因素中粒径对红外抑制率的影响最为显著,3～5μm范围内粒径在1.0μm左右最佳.      

Satellite Observations of Natural and Anthropogenic Aerosol Effects on Clouds and Climate

Anthropogenic aerosols affect the climate system and the hydrological cycle. The net effect of aerosols is to cool the climate system, directly by reflecting sunlight to space, and indirectly by increasing the brightness and cover of clouds that in turn also reflect more sunlight to space. The uncertainty in the aerosol effect on climate is 5 times greater than that of the greenhouse gases. The reason for this is the short aerosol lifetime and chemical complexity, that makes it difficult to represent the global aerosol budget from surface or aircraft measurements. Satellites provide daily global information about the aerosol content, generating large statistics with excellent regional and global representation of the aerosol column concentration, and differentiating fine from coarse aerosol. Here we use observations performed with the MODIS instrument onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites to differentiate natural from anthropogenic aerosols, and to measure the aerosol effect on cloud properties and on the reflectivity of sunlight.     

Atmospheric Ion-induced Aerosol Nucleation

Ion-induced nucleation has been suggested to be a potentially important mechanism for atmospheric aerosol formation. Ions are formed in the background atmosphere by galactic cosmic rays. A possible connection between galactic cosmic rays and cloudiness has been However, the predictions of current atmospheric nucleation models are highly uncertain because the models are usually based on the liquid drop model that estimates cluster thermodynamics based on bulk properties (e.g., liquid drop density and surface tension). Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and water are assumed to be the most important nucleating agents in the free troposphere. Measurements of the molecular thermodynamics for the growth and evaporation of cluster ions containing H₂SO₄ and H₂O were performed using a temperature-controlled laminar flow reactor coupled to a linear quadrupole mass spectrometer as well as a temperature-controlled ion trap mass spectrometer. The measurements were complemented by quantum chemical calculations of the cluster ion structures. The analysis yielded a complete set of H₂SO₄ and H₂O binding thermodynamics extending from molecular cluster ions to the bulk, based on experimental thermodynamics for the small clusters. The data were incorporated into a kinetic aerosol model to yield quantitative predictions of the rate of ion-induced nucleation for atmospheric conditions. The model predicts that the negative ion-H₂SO₄-H₂O nucleation mechanism is an efficient source of new particles in the middle and upper troposphere.     

基于FY4A-AGRI反演东北地区云顶高度

云对全球的能量收支及大气循环系统具有不可替代的调节作用,是影响天气及气候变化的重要因子。云顶高度作为云的重要参数,有助于分析云在大气中的物理机制,对局部地区监测和预报具有实质性作用。基于多通道扫描辐射成像仪(AGRI)数据反演东北地区云顶高度,采用红外分裂窗查算表方法,并对不同季节和不同云类型建立查算表,探讨基于静止卫星反演中高纬度地区云顶高度的可行性。同时,引入主动式高精度仪器正交偏振云-气溶胶偏振雷达(CALIOP),结合11、12 通道亮温数据搭建云顶高度反演模型。分析结果表明:1) AGRI遥感的云顶高度与CALIPSO搭载的CALIOP云顶高度变化趋势一致,算法计算效率较高;2) 从4个季节的统计结果来看,均方根误差(RMSE)上都小于2.3 km,平均偏差在500 m左右,受季节的影响较小,反演结果与CALIOP探测结果具有较高的一致性;3) 利用该方法基于AGRI结果精度不亚于官方采用的CO2薄片法,该方法估算的RMSE和相对误差较小,并且该算法的反演模型只提取红外分裂窗区通道数据,无需大气廓线资料进行辅助计算,节省计算资源,提高计算效率。     

多功能大气探测激光雷达应用

激光雷达具有高的时间和空间分辨率、优越的方向性和相干性、高的探测精度和实时快速的数据获取能力，已经被广泛应用于大气探测、环境监测等领域。随着技术的发展，大气探测激光雷达由最初的单波长、单功能朝着多波长、多功能方向发展，技术更加成熟，操作更加方便。本文将介绍大气探测激光雷达的基本原理，及其在探测大气气溶胶和云、水汽、温度、污染物和大气边界层高度等方面的数据应用。最后，对多波长多功能大气探测激光雷达的数据应用发展进行了总结和展望。     

Atmospheric electrical conductivity measurements and modeling for application to air pollution studies

The experimentally measured ground level atmospheric electrical conductivity is validated from a simplified ion–aerosol model for which the inputs are ionization rate from surface radioactivity, aerosol density and meteorological parameters. Also estimated from the model is the reduction in conductivity for assumed aerosol levels. It is seen that for an increase of ambient aerosols by threefold the percent reduction in conductivity is 7% and it is 10% for an increase by sixfold. Thus, the variations in the measured ground level conductivity can be used to examine the atmospheric pollution, if any.     

Observed Long-Term Variations of Solar Irradiance at the Earth’s Surface

The variation of global radiation (sum of direct solar and diffuse sky radiation) at the Earth’s surface is examined based on pyranometer measurements at about 400~sites. The period of the study covers in general the last 50 years. For Europe the study is extended to the beginning of observations in the 1920s and 1930s. Global radiation generally increased in Europe from the 1920s to the 1950s. After the late 1950s and early 1960s global radiation began to decrease in most areas of the world at a mean rate of 0.7 Wm⁻²a⁻¹ until 1980s, thereafter 75%; of the stations showed a recovery at a mean rate of 0.7 Wm⁻²a⁻¹. All stations in the Polar region, which are far from aerosol sources, also show this pattern of change. At the remaining 25% of the stations the decrease has continued to present. These regions are a part of China, most of India, and Central Africa. Both during the declining and recovering phases global radiation observed under the cloudless condition also followed the same tendency, indicating the simultaneous and parallel changes of aerosol and cloud conditions. Long-term observations of total zenith transmittance of the atmosphere indicate a decrease in transmittance to the mid 1980s and an increase after this period. Since the brighter and darker periods correspond to relatively warmer and colder periods, the present study offers the possibility to quantitatively evaluate the mutual relationships between the solar irradiance, atmospheric transmittance, cloud conditions and air temperature.     

Evaluation and utilization of CloudSat and CALIPSO data to analyze the impact of dust aerosol on the microphysical properties of cirrus over the Tibetan Plateau

The present study elucidates on the evaluation of two versions (V3 and V4.10) of vertical feature mask (VFM) and aerosol sub-types data derived from the Cloud-Aerosol LiDAR and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), and its utilization to analyze the impact of dust aerosol on the microphysical properties of cirrus over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In conjunction to the CALIPSO, we have also used the CloudSat data to study the same during the summer season for the years 2007–2010 over the study area 25–40°N and 75–100°E. Compared to V3 of CALIPSO, V4.10 was found to have undergone substantial changes in the code, algorithm, and data products. Intercomparison of both versions of data products in the selected grid between 30–31°N and 83–84°E within the study area during 2007–2017 revealed that the VFM and aerosol sub-types are in good agreement of ～95.27% and ～82.80%, respectively. Dusty cirrus is defined as the clouds mixed with dust aerosols or existing in dust aerosol conditions, while the pure cirrus is that in a dust-free environment. The obtained results illustrated that the various microphysical properties of cirrus, namely ice water content (IWC), ice water path (IWP), ice distribution width (IDW), ice effective radius (IER), and ice number concentration (INC) noticed a decrease of 17%, 18%, 4%, 19%, and 10%, respectively due to the existence of dust aerosol, consistent with the classical “Twomey effect” for liquid clouds. Moreover, the aerosol optical depth (AOD) showed moderate negative correlations between ?0.4 and ?0.6 with the microphysical characteristics of cirrus. As our future studies, in addition to the present work undertaken, we planned to gain knowledge and interested to explore the impact of a variety of aerosols apart from the dust aerosol on the microphysical properties of cirrus in different regions of China.