亮星辅助下基于坐标转换的快速星图识别方法

数字天顶仪作为一种地面使用的星敏感器，主要用于高精度定位。为提高仪器的工作效率需要对星图识别的快速性进行研究。通过对恒星像点理论坐标与图像坐标的分析，构建坐标转换模型。依据星表中恒星的分布及星等筛选出视场范围内的亮星，并构建导航星表。结合导航星表完成3颗亮星的准确识别，在识别亮星的基础上解算坐标转换模型的参数。通过构建的坐标转换模型对视场范围内的恒星进行坐标转换，将转换后的星点坐标与提取的星点图像坐标进行匹配完成星图的识别，这样能够提高星图识别的快速性。实验数据表明：在保证识别星点数量的基础上，采用亮星辅助下基于坐标转换的星图识别方法使时间缩短为改进三角形星图识别算法的五分之一。     

A Detailed Analysis of the Operational Orbit of the Hipparcos Satellite

An analysis of the orbital evolution of the ESA's Hipparcos satellite is presented. Hipparcos operated between August 1989 and March 1993 in a highly elliptical orbit: a geostationary transfer orbit with increased perigee height. The requirements of the scientific mission included high accuracy knowledge of the position and velocity vectors of the spacecraft as a function of time. Through a study of the variations in the total orbital energy, the loss of energy during the mission as a result of non-conservative forces is recovered. These are explained as largely due to atmospheric drag during perigee passages. Apparent variations in the drag coefficient are in agreement with orientation variations of the satellite during those perigee passages. Two different models used for calculating the atmospheric drag give significantly different results, confirming earlier findings by other users of those models. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Modelling the Torques Affecting the Hipparcos Satellite

Reconstructed attitude data for the Hipparcos mission as obtained in the final stages of the data analysis for the published catalogue is used to derive detailed information on the dynamics of the satellite. Most elements of the inertia tensor of the satellite could be calibrated from the observed acceleration data, which are also used to reconstruct torques due to solar radiation and gravity gradient, and the magnetic moment of the satellite and it's interaction with the magnetic field surounding the Earth. The effects of the oblateness of the Earth on the gravity gradient are evaluated and shown to be negligable. The magnetic field model includes both the `main' and the `disturbance' fields. The remaining systematic effects in residual torques are most likely attributed to variations in the magnetic field that are local and are beyond the models used to describe it. The angular momentum vector for one of the gyros was reconstructed from the torque it asserted on the satellite while it was running in redundant mode. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

依巴谷卫星资料处理中的参考架

本文从依巴谷卫星扫描观测原理出发,给出对日参考架、扫描大圆参考架和望远镜参考架的明确定义;指出FAST和NDAC两个卫星资料处理中心之间所用参考架的差异;并选择50颗全天均匀分布的恒星进行了模拟计算,讨论了欧洲空间局利用两个资料处理中心的意义。      

Introduction to a Further Examination of the Hipparcos Data

We present an introduction to four papers on further analysis of the raw Hipparcos data. This analysis has lead to the recognition of how orbit, radiation and temperature conditions did or didn't affect the scientific results of the Hipparcos mission. It also led the way to a new reduction of the scientific data that shows from its initial results a real potential for a substantial improvement of the astrometric parameters for stars brighter than V=8.5. This short paper serves as an introduction to the four main papers, and provides some general references. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Dynamic Modelling of the Hipparcos Attitude

We present a new method for a high-accuracy reconstruction of the attitude for a slowly spinning satellite. This method, referred to as the fully-dynamic approach, explores the possibility to describe the satellite's attitude as that of a rigid body subject to continuous external torques. The method is tried out on the Hipparcos data and is shown to reduce the noise for the along-scan attitude reconstruction for that mission by about a factor two to three. The dynamic modelling is expected to give a more accurate representation of the satellite's attitude than was obtained with a pure mathematical modelling. As such, it decreases the degrees of freedom in the a posteriori reconstruction. Some of the decrease is obtained through accumulating and subsequently implementing information on high frequency components in the solar radiation torques, which show to be systematic and predictable. This could be expected, as they are primarily linked to the external geometry and optical properties of the satellite. In the context of an astrometric mission, the methods presented here can only be applied as a final iteration step: the star positions that are used to reconstruct the attitude are also part of the scientific objectives of the mission. An estimate for the potential of a re-reduction of the Hipparcos data using the fully-dynamic model for the attitude reconstruction was obtained from test reductions of the first 24 months of mission data. Improvement of the accuracies of the astrometric parameters for all stars brighter than Hp=9.0 appears possible. The noise on the astrometric parameters for these stars was affected significantly by the along-scan attitude noise, which dominated for stars brighter than Hp=4.5. The possible improvement for stars brighter than about Hp=4.5 may, after iterations, be as much as a factor three. The reduced noise levels also allow a more accurate calibration and monitoring of instrument parameters, leading potentially to a better understanding of the instrument and the scientific data obtained with it. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Distinguishing features of CCD astrometry of faint GEO objects

The problem of initial reduction of CCD observations of faint GEO objects is studied. Several difficulties and questions arising in connection with image processing for this kind of observations are mentioned. A natural way to apply the PSF fitting technique to line-shaped trails of stars or GEO objects is described and illustrated by its implementation in the Apex II astronomical image processing package. Logical filtering technique to improve the automatic object detection is proposed. These rather convenient and versatile methods can increase astrometric and, to a lesser degree, photometric accuracy of faint GEO object observations.     

Determination of visible coordinates of the low-orbit space objects and their photometry by the CCD camera with the analogue output. Initial image processing

The number of artificial space objects in the low Earth orbit has been continuously increasing. That raises the requirements for the accuracy of measurement of their coordinates and for the precision of the prediction of their motion. The accuracy of the prediction can be improved if the actual current orientation of the non-spherical satellite is taken into account. In so doing, it becomes possible to directly determine the atmospheric density along the orbit. The problem solution is to regularly conduct the photometric surveillances of a large number of satellites and monitor the parameters of their rotation around the centre of mass. To do that, it is necessary to get and promptly process large video arrays, containing pictures of a satellite against the background stars.     

脉冲星导航的天体测量考虑

X射线脉冲星导航是基于X射线脉冲星观测,经过信号处理得到脉冲到达时刻序列,进而分析该时间序列提供导航相关信息的技术。为了分析脉冲星导航的可行性和依赖条件,从概念上描述了脉冲星的观测模型,并比较了射电脉冲星观测和X射线脉冲星观测数据处理过程;进而从天体测量的角度论述了脉冲星导航可行性的相关问题,主要包含观测量的获取、整周模糊度和应用范围3个问题。经分析可知:观测量的获取与观测者的速度有关,该速度可通过最大化观测轮廓法确定;对于深空和超深空导航,整周模糊度是首先需要解决的问题,脉冲星的位置精度也是需要考虑的因素。理论上X射线脉冲星导航可以应用于近地和深空探测。