过载环境下水平管内水的流动沸腾特性

利用地面离心旋转台实验研究了不同过载环境下水在1.8 mm内径水平管内流动沸腾的摩擦压降特性.实验工况为过载加速度1.00g～3.16g,质量流速为230、330 kg/(m2.s),热流密度为102、141 kW/m2,干度为0.07～0.58.结果表明:不同过载环境、干度、热流密度和质量流速对水的摩擦压降均有影响....     

Presynaptic transporter-mediated release of glutamate evoked by the protonophore FCCP increases under altered gravity conditions

High-affinity Na⁺-dependent glutamate transporters of the plasma membrane mediate the glutamate uptake into neurons, and thus maintain low levels of extracellular glutamate in the synaptic cleft. The study focused on the release of glutamate by reversal of Na⁺-dependent glutamate transporters from rat brain nerve terminals (synaptosomes) under conditions of centrifuge-induced hypergravity. Flow cytometric analysis revealed similarity in the size and cytoplasmic granularity between synaptosomal preparations obtained from control and G-loaded animals (10 G, 1 h). The release of cytosolic l-[¹⁴C]glutamate from synaptosomes was evaluated using the protonophore FCCP, which dissipated synaptic vesicle proton gradient, thus synaptic vesicles were not able to keep glutamate inside and the latter enriched cytosol. FCCP per se induced the greater release of l-[¹⁴C]glutamate in hypergravity as compared to control (4.8 ± 1.0% and 8.0 ± 1.0% of total label). Exocytotic release of l-[¹⁴C]glutamate evoked by depolarization was reduced down to zero after FCCP application under both conditions studied. Depolarization stimulated release of cytosolic l-[¹⁴C]glutamate from synaptosomes preliminary treated with FCCP was considerably increased from 27.0 ± 2.2% of total label in control to 35.0 ± 2.3% in hypergravity. Non-transportable inhibitor of glutamate transporter dl-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartate was found to significantly inhibit high-KCl and FCCP-stimulated release of l-[¹⁴C]glutamate, confirming the release by reversal of glutamate transporters. The enhancement of transporter-mediated release of glutamate in hypergravity was found to result at least partially from the inhibition of the activity of Na/K-ATPase in the plasma membrane of synaptosomes. We suggested that hypergravity-induced alteration in transporter-mediated release of glutamate indicated hypoxic injury of neurons.     

超重力下相变材料熔化过程的数值模拟

通过数值模拟的方法,研究了地球重力和超重力条件下相变材料(PCM)的熔化过程,分析了超重力对PCM熔化过程的影响。采用的超重力大小为5倍和10倍地球重力,方向与热流进入方向相反。模拟结果表明,由于PCM导热系数偏小,熔化初期加热面发生过热,须通过耦合其他强化换热措施予以减弱甚至消除。超重力对于PCM熔化过程的影响十分显著。随着超重力的增加,熔化界面的波动幅度增大,熔化速度加快,加热面温度下降,这是因为熔化过程中液相的自然对流作用显著增强。此外,超重力对PCM熔化过程的增强幅度会随超重力的增加而减小,表明超重力的强化换热作用有一定限度,当超过一定值时,该强化作用的效果相对减弱。     

过载环境下1.002mm管内流动沸腾传热的实验

通过地面离心转台模拟过载,对R134a在内径为1.002 mm管内的沸腾流动传热进行了实验研究。结果表明:管内流动沸腾传热特性随着重力的变化而变化；在重力为3.16g(g=9.8 m/s2)时,过载下的传热系数比常重力下的大；随着过载的增加,大多数情况下传热系数先增大后减小,转折点在1.1g~1.4g；在3.16g时,部分传热系数开始出现低于1g时的情况；干度对传热系数的影响特性因重力不同而不同。研究了常重力下流动沸腾预测模型对过载环境的适应性,鉴别出了对过载数据预测较好的公式。      

T cell regulation in microgravity – The current knowledge from in vitro experiments conducted in space,parabolic flights and ground-based facilities

Dating back to the Apollo and Skylab missions, it has been reported that astronauts suffered from bacterial and viral infections during space flight or after returning to Earth. Blood analyses revealed strongly reduced capability of human lymphocytes to become active upon mitogenic stimulation. Since then, a large number of in vitro studies on human immune cells have been conducted in space, in parabolic flights, and in ground-based facilities. It became obvious that microgravity affects cell morphology and important cellular functions. Observed changes include cell proliferation, the cytoskeleton, signal transduction and gene expression. This review gives an overview of the current knowledge of T cell regulation under altered gravity conditions obtained by in vitro studies with special emphasis on the cell culture conditions used. We propose that future in vitro experiments should follow rigorous standardized cell culture conditions, which allows better comparison of the results obtained in different flight- and ground-based experiment platforms.