Detection and mapping vegetation cover based on the Spectral Angle Mapper algorithm using NOAA AVHRR data

Satellite data, taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) have been proposed and used for the detection and the cartography of vegetation cover in North Africa. The data used were acquired at the Analysis and Application of Radiation Laboratory (LAAR) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor of 1 km spatial resolution. The Spectral Angle Mapper Algorithm (SAM) is used for the classification of many studies using high resolution satellite data. In the present paper, we propose to apply the SAM algorithm to the moderate resolution of the NOAA AVHRR sensor data for classifying the vegetation cover. This study allows also exploiting other classification methods for the low resolution. First, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is extracted from two channels 1 and 2 of the AVHRR sensor. In order to obtain an initial density representation of vegetal formation distribution, a methodology, based on the combination between the threshold method and the decision tree, is used. This combination is carried out due to the lack of accurate data related to the thresholds that delimit each class. In a second time, and based on spectral behavior, a vegetation cover map is developed using SAM algorithm. Finally, with the use of low resolution satellite images (NOAA AVHRR) and with only two channels, it is possible to identify the most dominant species in North Africa such as: forests of the Liege oaks, other forests, cereal’s cultivation, steppes and bar soil.     

SAM在CMODIS数据信息提取中的应用

中国首次上天的中等分辨率成像光谱仪 (CMODIS)数据具有 34谱段 ,包含了从可见光、近红外、短波红外至热红外波段非常丰富的波谱信息。但是CMODIS波段间相关性很高 ,而且数据量很大 ,若用传统的基于数理统计的分类方法 (如监督和非监督分类方法 )提取信息会有一定的困难。光谱角度制图法(SAM)是通过计算 1个测试光谱 (像元光谱 )与 1个参考光谱之间的“角度”来确定它们两者之间的相似性 ,从而达到分类目的。这一方法更符合高光谱数据的特点。文章对 2 0 0 2年 5月 2 2日取得的前 2 0个波段的CMODIS数数据分别采用监督分类方法和光谱角度制图 (SAM)法提取信息。试验结果表明采用SAM得到了比监督分类方法更好的分类效果和更多的信息。     

Mapping hydrothermal alteration zones and lineaments associated with orogenic gold mineralization using ASTER data: A case study from the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone,Iran

The Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (SSZ) is considered as an important region for gold exploration in the western sector of Iran. Its mountainous topography and unpaved routes make its study challenging for researchers and raise the costs for mining companies strating new exploration plans. Gold mineralization mainly occurs as irregular to lenticular sulfide-bearing quartz veins along shear zones in deformed mafic to intermediate metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. In this investigation, ASTER data are used for mapping hydrothermal alteration minerals and to better discriminate geological structural features associated with orogenic gold occurrences in the area. Image transformation techniques such as specialized band ratioing and Principal Component Analysis are used to delineate lithological units and alteration minerals. Supervised classification techniques, namely Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Spectral Information Divergence (SID) are applied to detect subtle differences between indicator alteration minerals associated with ground-truth gold locations in the area. The directional filtering technique is applied to help in tracing along the strike the different linear structures. Results demonstrate that the integration of image transformation techniques and supervised classification of ASTER data with fieldwork and geochemical exploration studies has a great efficiency in targeting new prospects of gold mineralization in the SSZ. The approach used in this research provides a fast, cost-efficient means to start a comprehensive geological and geochemical exploration programs in the study area and elsewhere in similar regions.     

一种多SAM模块的低功耗IC卡读卡器设计与实现

CPU卡可以有效地杜绝IC卡被克隆，防止机密信息被修改，得到广泛使用，每个CPU卡具有相应的SAM(Safe Authentication Module)，不同的CPU卡需要的密钥不同，所以有不同的SAM模块。为了使读卡器能够识别多种CPU卡，提出了通过使用多SAM卡模块的循坏扫描对多种SAM卡进行认证管理，实现渎卡器对不同型号IC卡的支持，使用MSP430F149和多个SAM模块，设汁实现了一种新型IC卡读卡器。详细介绍了IC卡和读卡器的工作原理、功能、硬软件设计。经过测试证明，读卡器具有功耗低、体积小、性能稳定等特点。     

基于双通道外部总线接口的LCD显示设计

以带有双通道外部总线接口的AT91SAM9263芯片为例,提出一种新的利用双通道外部总线接口实现LCD显示的方法。给出硬件电路、bootloader和Linux kernel等的具体实现,并测试系统性能,说明了双通道外部总线接口在提升系统性能方面的重要作用。     

Extraction of hydrothermal alterations from ASTER SWIR data from east Zanjan,northern Iran

The use of satellite images for mineral exploration has been very successful in pointing out the presence of minerals such as smectite and kaolinite which are important in the identification of hydrothermal alterations. Shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) with the wavelength of ASTER SWIR bands between 1.65 and 2.43 μm has a good potential for mapping a hydrothermal alteration minerals such as alunite, pyrophyllite, kaolinite, illite–muscovite–sericite, and carbonate. In this range, hydroxide minerals which have been produced by hydrothermal alteration exhibit good absorption compared to shorter or longer wavelengths. In this research which aims to remove atmospheric and topographic effects from ASTER SWIR data, the authors used the log-residual method (LRM) with the minimum noise fraction (MNF) transformation to create a pixel purity index (PPI) which was used to extract the most spectrally pure pixels from multispectral images. Spectral analyses of the clay mineralogy of the study area (east Zanjan, in northern Iran) were obtained by matching the unknown spectra of the purest pixels to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) mineral library. Three methods, spectral feature fitting (SFF), spectral angle mapping (SAM), and binary encoding (BE) were used to generate a score between 0 and 1, where a value of 1 indicates a perfect match showing the exact mineral type. In this way, it was possible to identify certain mineral classes, including chlorite, carbonate, calcite–dolomite–magnesite, kaolinite–smectite, alunite, and illite. In this research, two main propylitic and phyllic–argillic zones could be separated using their compositions of these minerals. These two alteration zones are important for porphyry copper deposits and gold mineralization in this part of Iran.     

碳纤维复合材料超声扫描分层检测及评价方法

由于碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）具有各向异性的特点,在其钻削加工中极易形成分层、撕裂以及毛刺等加工缺陷,而分层对碳纤维层合板构件的性能影响最大,因而建立一套准确的针对分层缺陷的检测、描述以及评价方法对层合结构碳纤维复合材料的有效应用具有重大意义。从分层缺陷的形成机理出发,通过对现有分层缺陷的检测以及评价体系的分析,提出了基于高频超声扫描显微镜（SAM）来进行分层缺陷检测评价的三维体积分层因子评价方法,并针对T800/X850碳纤维单向层合板对该方法进行了定征试验,最后通过对实际加工孔的分层缺陷的评价,综合对比了三维体积分层因子评价方法与传统评价方法的应用效果。结果表明：分层缺陷是由力热耦合引起的层间粘结失效,出口处更为严重;用超声扫描显微镜检测分层,可检测不少于8层的碳纤维复合材料,至少可以清晰表达5层的内部分层特征;分层会发生隔层传播,并且两个相邻铺层为同向的层间结合强度最好,不易产生隔层传播;三维体积分层因子可以更准确清晰地评价复合材料层合结构的内部缺陷。